Efficiency of Herbal Medicines in Containment of COVID-19
A Narrative Review
Keywords:
Covid-19, herbal medicine, SARS-CoV-2, traditional medicine, antivirals, phytochemicals, coronavirusAbstract
Background: SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This virus is responsible for the pandemic which has resulted in the current global health crisis. Remdesivir is now used as an FDA-approved medication in addition to some emergency use authorization (EUA) agents such as Actemra (Tocilizumab), Sotrovimab, and REGEN-COV (Casirivimab and Imdevimab) to contain the COVID-19 infection. However, they are not 100% effective in all cases, and there are several hundreds of daily deaths worldwide. Furthermore, since nearly one year as of the beginning of global vaccination, various vaccines have been evaluated not completely efficient in containing new variants of SARS-CoV-2, although they have significantly reduced mortality. Herbal medicines with evidence-based beneficial effects can have positive roles in immunity enhancement, prevention of infection, and antiviral effects. This review presents the updates of some herbal medicines that may have potential effects on the containment of the COVID-19, especially those with antitussive, antipyretic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects.
Methods: In this narrative review, a thorough literature review was conducted on the entries of Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics), Scopus and, and Science Direct published since 2019. This study includes the recently published papers, randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and World Health Organization updates about the COVID-19. The inclusion criteria were the papers that described the effects of the most efficient types of herbal medicines on the containment of the COVID-19.
Results: Analyzing nearly more than 40 medicinal plants, we found seven herbals (Myrtus communis, Zingiber officinale, Allium Sativum, Nigella Sativa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Thymus Vulgaris) that might have some positive effects on deferent stages of the COVID-19.
Conclusion: Since some herbal medicines might help alleviate or relieve the symptoms of the COVID-19 or have other therapeutic effects, randomized controlled trials should be conducted to confirm these effects.
References
Singhal T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2020/04/01 2020;87(4):281-286. doi: 10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6. PMid: 32166607, PMCid: PMC7090728
Mirzaie A, Halaji M, Dehkordi FS, Ranjbar R, Noorbazargan H. A narrative literature review on traditional medicine options for treatment of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2020; 40: 101214. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101214, PMid: 32891290, PMCid: PMC7831809
Jiang F, Deng L, Zhang L, Cai Y, Cheung CW, Xia Z. Review of the Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Gen Intern Med. May 2020;35(5):1545-1549. doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-05762-w. PMid: 32133578, PMCid: PMC7088708
Munster VJ, Koopmans M, van Doremalen N, van Riel D, de Wit E. A Novel Coronavirus Emerging in China - Key Questions for Impact Assessment. N Engl J Med. Feb 20 2020;382(8):692-694. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2000929. PMid: 31978293
Zhou T, Liu Q, Yang Z, et al. Preliminary prediction of the basic reproduction number of the Wuhan novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine. 2020;13(1):3-7. doi: 10.1111/jebm.12376. PMid: 32048815, PMCid: PMC7167008
Mousavizadeh L, Ghasemi S. Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2020; 54(2): 159-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.022, PMid: 32265180, PMCid: PMC7138183
Ahn D-G, Shin H-J, Kim M-H, et al. Current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccines for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 2020; 30(3): 313-24. doi: 10.4014/jmb.2003.03011, PMid: 32238757
Deng S-Q, Peng H-J. Characteristics of and public health responses to the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. Journal of clinical medicine. 2020;9(2):575. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020575, PMid: 32093211, PMCid: PMC7074453
Bouadma L, Lescure F-X, Lucet J-C, Yazdanpanah Y, Timsit J-F. Severe SARS-CoV-2 infections: practical considerations and management strategy for intensivists. Intensive care medicine. 2020;46(4):579-582. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05967-x, PMid: 32103284, PMCid: PMC7079839
Jalkanen P, Kolehmainen P, Häkkinen HK, et al. COVID-19 mRNA vaccine induced antibody responses against three SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nature communications. 2021;12(1):1-11. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24285-4, PMid: 34183681, PMCid: PMC8239026
Spinner CD, Gottlieb RL, Criner GJ, et al. Effect of remdesivir vs standard care on clinical status at 11 days in patients with moderate COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2020;324(11):1048-1057. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.16349, PMid: 32821939, PMCid: PMC7442954
Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, et al. Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19—preliminary report. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020; 383(19): 1813-26.
Group TRC. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 - preliminary report. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2020; 384(8): 693-794.
Organization WHO. “Immunity passports” in the context of COVID-19: scientific brief, 24 April 2020.
Mahmood N, Nasir SB, Hefferon K. Plant-Based Drugs and Vaccines for COVID-19. Vaccines. 2021;9(1):15. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9010015, PMid: 33396667, PMCid: PMC7823519
Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, Denis KS, et al. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Cell. 2021. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.14.21251704
Kimura I, Kosugi Y, Wu J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant exhibits higher infectivity and immune resistance. bioRxiv. 2021. doi: 10.1101/2021.07.28.454085
Siahpoosh MB. How Can Persian Medicine (Traditional Iranian Medicine) Be Effective to Control COVID-19? Traditional and Integrative Medicine. 2020; 5(2): 46-8.
Lowe H, Steele B, Bryant J, Fouad E, Toyang N, Ngwa W. Antiviral Activity of Jamaican Medicinal Plants and Isolated Bioactive Compounds. Molecules. 2021;26(3):607. doi: 10.3390/molecules26030607, PMid: 33503834, PMCid: PMC7865499
Arzi A, Namjouyan F, Sarahroodi S, Khorasgani ZN, Macvandi E. The study of antinociceptive effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Teucrium oliverianum (a plant used in southern Iranian traditional medicine) in rat by formalin test. Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS. 2011;14(23):1066-1069. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2011.1066.1069, PMid: 22590841
Sarahroodi S, Arzi A. Self medication with antibiotics, is it a problem among Iranian college students in Tehran. J Biol Sci. 2009;9(8):829-32. doi: 10.3923/jbs.2009.829.832
Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Bioscience trends. 2020;14(1):69-71. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.01020, PMid: 31996494
Liu J, Manheimer E, Shi Y, Gluud C. Chinese herbal medicine for severe acute respiratory syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine. 2004;10(6):1041-1051. doi: 10.1089/acm.2004.10.1041, PMid: 15674000
Duan Z-p, Jia Z-h, Zhang J, et al. Natural herbal medicine Lianhuaqingwen capsule anti-influenza A (H1N1) trial: a randomized, double blind, positive controlled clinical trial. Chinese Medical Journal. 2011;124(18):2925-2933.
Xiong Y, Li NX, Duan N, et al. Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Influenza: From Basic Science to Clinical Applications. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2020; 11. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.575803, PMid: 33041821, PMCid: PMC7526665
Shankar A, Dubey A, Saini D, Prasad CP. Role of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: An Overhyped Hope. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2020;26(8):565. doi: 10.1007/s11655-020-2851-y, PMid: 32761336, PMCid: PMC7405788
Ren J-l, Zhang A-H, Wang X-J. Traditional Chinese medicine for COVID-19 treatment. Pharmacological research. 2020;155:104743. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104743, PMid: 32145402, PMCid: PMC7128263
Liu M, Ya G, Yuan Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of herbal medicine (Lianhuaqingwen) for treating COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Integrative medicine research. 2020:100644. doi: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100644, PMid: 32864332, PMCid: PMC7441862
Wang Z, Yang L. Chinese herbal medicine: Fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection on all fronts. J Ethnopharmacol. Jan 21 2021:113869. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113869. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113869, PMid: 33485973, PMCid: PMC7825841
Kenari HM, Yousefsani BS, Eghbalian F, Ghobadi A, Jamshidi AH, Mahroozade S. Herbal recommendations for treatment of COVID-19 symptoms according to Persian medicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2021;20(77):1-14. doi: 10.52547/jmp.20.77.1
Reichling J, Schnitzler P, Suschke U, Saller R. Essential oils of aromatic plants with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and cytotoxic properties–an overview. Complementary Medicine Research. 2009;16(2):79-90. doi: 10.1159/000207196, PMid: 19420953
Lee DY, Li QY, Liu J, Efferth T. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine at the forefront battle against COVID-19: Clinical experience and scientific basis. Phytomedicine. 2021;80:153337. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153337, PMid: 33221457, PMCid: PMC7521884
Sardari S, Mobaiend A, Ghassemifard L, Kamali K, Khavasi N. Therapeutic Effect of Thyme (Thymus Vulgaris) Essential Oil on Patients with COVID19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Clinical Trials. Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research. 2021;29(133):83-91. doi: 10.30699/jambs.29.133.83
Niktabe Z, Masoudi N, Sharifi-Olounabadi A. Investigation the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Virus Based on the Principles of Traditional Persian (Iranian) Medicine and Providing Proposed Contrivances for Prevention and Treatment. Medical History Journal. 2020;12(42):25-36.
Rezaei Z, Hadifar S. The Effect of Oxytocin Drip During Hysteroscopy on Operative Blood Loss and Fluid Overload. Original Research. Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Cancer Research. 2020;5(3):80-83. doi: 10.30699/jogcr.5.3.80
Asgarpanah J, Ariamanesh A. Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Myrtus communis L. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2015; 14(1): 82-7
Khodaie S-A, Khalilzadeh S, Emadi F, Kamalinejad M, Hajati RJ, Naseri M. Management of a diabetic foot ulcer based on the Persian medicine: A case report. Advances in Integrative Medicine. 2020; 8(3): 236-9.
Azimi M, Hasheminasab FS. Evaluating the efficacy and safety of the myrtle (Myrtus communis) in treatment and prognosis of patients suspected to novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2020/11/26 2020;21(1):978. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04915-w. PMid: 33243284, PMCid: PMC7689643
Azimi M, Hasheminasab FS. Evaluating the efficacy and safety of the myrtle (Myrtus communis) in treatment and prognosis of patients suspected to novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2020;21(1):1-5. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04915-w, PMid: 33243284, PMCid: PMC7689643
Hassan AA, Abd-Elaziz GO. Genotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of Myrtus communis L., Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd and Cassia angustifolia Vahl extracts. Bangladesh Journal of Botany. 2020;49(3):557-566. doi: 10.3329/bjb.v49i3.49640
Moradi M-T, Karimi A, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Kheiri S, Saedi-Marghmaleki M. The inhibitory effects of myrtle (Myrtus communis) extract on Herpes simplex virus-1 replication in Baby Hamster Kidney cells. Journal of Shahrekord Uuniversity of Medical Sciences. 2011;12 (4): 54-61.
Aabed K, Mohammed AE, Benabdelkamel H, et al. Antimicrobial Mechanism and Identification of the Proteins Mediated by Extracts from Asphaltum punjabianum and Myrtus communis. ACS omega. 2020;5(48):31019-31035. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04047, PMid: 33324810, PMCid: PMC7726785
Romani A, Coinu R, Carta S, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant effect of different extracts of Myrtus communis L. Free radical research. 2004;38(1):97-103. doi: 10.1080/10715760310001625609, PMid: 15061659
Hosseinzadeh H, Khoshdel M, Ghorbani M. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory effects and acute toxicity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Myrtus communis L. aerial parts in mice. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies. 2011;4(4):242-247. doi: 10.1016/j.jams.2011.09.015, PMid: 22196507
MOUSSOUNI L, BESSEBOUA O, Abdelhanine A. Anthelmintic activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Urtica dioica L. and Myrtus communis L. leaves on bovine digestive strongyles: in-vitro study. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;14(3):273-283. doi: 10.17094/ataunivbd.555996
Moulineaux F. A purified feverfew extract increases skin’s antioxidant and cellular detoxification defenses by activating the antioxidant response element promoter Simarna Kaur, PhD, Johnson and Johnson Consumer Products, Skillman, NJ, United States; Frank Liebel, Johnson and Johnson Consumer Products, Skillman.
Hans M, Charpentier Ml, Huch V, et al. Stereoisomeric composition of natural Myrtucommulone A. Journal of natural products. 2015;78(10):2381-2389. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00358, PMid: 26457652
Shaheen F, Ahmad M, Khan SN, et al. New α-glucosidase inhibitors and antibacterial compounds from Myrtus communis L. Eur J Org Chem. 2006;2016:2371-2377. doi: 10.1002/ejoc.200500936
Maxia A, Frau MA, Falconieri D, Karchuli MS, Kasture S. Essential oil of Myrtus communis inhibits inflammation in rats by reducing serum IL-6 and TNF-α. Natural product communications. 2011;6(10):1545-8.
Mao Q-Q, Xu X-Y, Cao S-Y, Gan R-Y, Corke H, Li H-B. Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Foods. 2019;8(6):185. PMid: 31151279, PMCid: PMC6616534
Magzoub M. Life Style Guideline of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) as Prophylaxis and Treatment for Coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2) Infection (COVID-19). Saudi Journal of Biomedical Research. 2020;5(6):125-127. doi: 10.36348/sjbr.2020.v05i06.006
Abd El-Wahab A, El-Adawi H, El-Demellawy M. In vitro study of the antiviral activity of Zingiber officinale. Planta Medica. 2009;75(09):PF7. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1234649
Sahoo M, Jena L, Rath SN, Kumar S. Identification of suitable natural inhibitor against influenza A (H1N1) neuraminidase protein by molecular docking. Genomics & informatics. 2016;14(3):96. doi: 10.5808/GI.2016.14.3.96, PMid: 27729839, PMCid: PMC5056903
Koch C, Reichling J, Schneele J, Schnitzler P. Inhibitory effect of essential oils against herpes simplex virus type 2. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(1-2):71-78. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.09.003, PMid: 17976968
Schnitzler P, Koch C, Reichling J. Susceptibility of drug-resistant clinical herpes simplex virus type 1 strains to essential oils of ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2007;51(5):1859-1862. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00426-06, PMid: 17353250, PMCid: PMC1855548
Dissanayake KGC, Waliwita W, Liyanage R. A review on medicinal uses of Zingiber officinale (Ginger). Annu Res Rev Biol. 2020;10(6):142-148.
San Chang J, Wang KC, Yeh CF, Shieh DE, Chiang LC. Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2013;145(1):146-151. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.043, PMid: 23123794
Paul D, Chowdhury T, Mandal SM. Ayurveda may play a preventive role against viral infections including SARS-CoV-2 by the inactivation of furin protease. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 2020;97(8):1305-1315.
Haridas M, Sasidhar V, Nath P, Abhithaj J, Sabu A, Rammanohar P. Compounds of Citrus medica and Zingiber officinale for COVID-19 inhibition: in silico evidence for cues from Ayurveda. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021;7(1):1-9. doi: 10.1186/s43094-020-00171-6, PMid: 33457429, PMCid: PMC7794642
Rathinavel T, Palanisamy M, Palanisamy S, Subramanian A, Thangaswamy S. Phytochemical 6-Gingerol–A promising Drug of choice for COVID-19. Int J Adv Sci Eng. 2020;6(4):1482-9. doi: 10.29294/IJASE.6.4.2020.1482-1489
Shojaemehr M, Alamholo M, Soltani J. Investigation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Citrus medica L Extract on Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2020;7(1):8-14. doi: 10.34172/ajcmi.2020.02
Sah AN, Juyal V, Melkani AB. Antimicrobial activity of six different parts of the plant Citrus medica Linn. Pharmacognosy journal. 2011;3(21):80-83. doi: 10.5530/pj.2011.21.15
Bellavite P, Donzelli A. Hesperidin and SARS-CoV-2: new light on the healthy function of citrus fruits. Antioxidants. 2020;9(8):742. doi: 10.3390/antiox9080742, PMid: 32823497, PMCid: PMC7465267
Mikaili P, Maadirad S, Moloudizargari M, Aghajanshakeri S, Sarahroodi S. Therapeutic uses and pharmacological properties of garlic, shallot, and their biologically active compounds. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences. 2013;16(10):1031-48.
Fleming T. PDR for herbal medicines. Medical Economics; 2000.
An M, Shen H, Cao Y, et al. Allicin enhances the oxidative damage effect of amphotericin B against Candida albicans. International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2009;33(3):258-263. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.09.014, PMid: 19095412
Ban JO, Lee DH, Kim EJ, et al. Antiobesity effects of a sulfur compound thiacremonone mediated via down‐regulation of serum triglyceride and glucose levels and lipid accumulation in the liver of db/db mice. Phytotherapy Research. 2012;26(9):1265-1271. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3729, PMid: 22228551
Chandrashekar PM, Venkatesh YP. Fructans from aged garlic extract produce a delayed immunoadjuvant response to ovalbumin antigen in BALB/c mice. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology. 2012;34(1):174-180. doi: 10.3109/08923973.2011.584066, PMid: 21631395
Chandrashekar PM, Prashanth KVH, Venkatesh YP. Isolation, structural elucidation and immunomodulatory activity of fructans from aged garlic extract. Phytochemistry. 2011;72(2-3):255-264. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.015, PMid: 21168173
Ankri S, Mirelman D. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes and infection. 1999;1(2):125-129. doi: 10.1016/S1286-4579(99)80003-3
Josling P. Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Advances in therapy. 2001;18(4):189-193. doi: 10.1007/BF02850113, PMid: 11697022
Pandey P, Khan F, Kumar A, Srivastava A, Jha NK. Screening of Potent Inhibitors Against 2019 Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) from Alliumsativum and Allium cepa: An In Silico Approach. Biointerface Res Appl Chem. 2021;11(1):7981-7993. doi: 10.33263/BRIAC111.79817993
Khubber S, Hashemifesharaki R, Mohammadi M, Gharibzahedi SMT. Garlic (Allium sativum L.): a potential unique therapeutic food rich in organosulfur and flavonoid compounds to fight with COVID-19. Nutrition Journal. 2020;19(1):1-3. doi: 10.1186/s12937-020-00643-8, PMid: 33208167, PMCid: PMC7673072
Ahmad A, Husain A, Mujeeb M, et al. A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2013;3(5):337-352. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60075-1
Umar S, Munir MT, Subhan S, et al. Protective and antiviral activities of Nigella sativa against avian influenza (H9N2) in turkeys. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 2016;10. doi: 10.1016/j.jssas.2016.09.004
Yimer EM, Tuem KB, Karim A, Ur-Rehman N, Anwar F. Nigella sativa L.(black cumin): a promising natural remedy for wide range of illnesses. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2019: 1528635. doi: 10.1155/2019/1528635, PMid: 31214267, PMCid: PMC6535880
Maideen NMP. Prophetic medicine-Nigella Sativa (Black cumin seeds)–potential herb for COVID-19? Journal of pharmacopuncture. 2020;23(2):62. doi: 10.3831/KPI.2020.23.3.179
Mohideen AKS. Molecular docking analysis of phytochemical thymoquinone as a therapeutic agent on SARS-Cov-2 envelope protein. Biointerface Res Appl Chem. 2021;11:8389-8401. doi: 10.33263/BRIAC111.83898401
Bouchentouf S, Missoum N. Identification of Compounds from Nigella Sativa as New Potential Inhibitors of 2019 Novel Coronasvirus (Covid-19): Molecular Docking Study. 2020. doi: 10.26434/chemrxiv.12055716.v1, PMCid: PMC7821801
Koshak AE, Koshak EA. Nigella sativa l. as a potential phytotherapy for covid-19: A mini-review of in-silico studies. Current Therapeutic Research. 2020; 93: 100602. doi: 10.31219/osf.io/3z2nv
Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Jeloudari M, et al. A review of the health effects and uses of drugs of plant licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) in Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2014;4(S2):S847-S849. doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60742-8
Irani M, Sarmadi M, Bernard F. Leaves antimicrobial activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR. 2010;9(4):425-8.
Zargaran A, Zarshenas MM, Mehdizadeh A, Mohagheghzadeh A. Management of tremor in medieval Persia. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 2013;22(1):53-61. doi: 10.1080/0964704X.2012.670475, PMid: 23323532
Esmaeili S, Naghibi F, Mosaddegh M, Sahranavard S, Ghafari S, Abdullah NR. Screening of antiplasmodial properties among some traditionally used Iranian plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2009;121(3):400-404. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.041, PMid: 19059470
Fiore C, Eisenhut M, Krausse R, et al. Antiviral effects of Glycyrrhiza species. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 2008;22(2):141-148. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2295, PMid: 17886224, PMCid: PMC7167979
Gupta VK, Fatima A, Faridi U, et al. Antimicrobial potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2008;116(2):377-380. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.11.037, PMid: 18182260
Chrzanowski J, Chrzanowska A, Graboń W. Glycyrrhizin: An old weapon against a novel coronavirus. Phytotherapy Research. 2021;35(2):629-636. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6852, PMid: 32902005
Geller C, Varbanov M, Duval RE. Human coronaviruses: insights into environmental resistance and its influence on the development of new antiseptic strategies. Viruses. 2012;4(11):3044-3068. doi: 10.3390/v4113044, PMid: 23202515, PMCid: PMC3509683
N. Adham A, F. Hegazy ME, Naqishbandi AM, Efferth T. Induction of Apoptosis, Autophagy and Ferroptosis by Thymus vulgaris and Arctium lappa Extract in Leukemia and Multiple Myeloma Cell Lines. Molecules. 2020;25(21):5016. doi: 10.3390/molecules25215016, PMid: 33138135, PMCid: PMC7663330
Nikolić M, Glamočlija J, Ferreira IC, et al. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor activity of Thymus serpyllum L., Thymus algeriensis Boiss. and Reut and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products. 2014;52:183-190. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.006
Saeidi A, Tayebi SM, To-aj O, et al. Physical Activity and Natural Products and Minerals in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An Update. Annals of Applied Sport Science. 2021; 9(1):0-0. doi: 10.29252/aassjournal.976
Keefover‐Ring K, Thompson JD, Linhart YB. Beyond six scents: defining a seventh Thymus vulgaris chemotype new to southern France by ethanol extraction. Flavour and fragrance journal. 2009;24(3):117-122. doi: 10.1002/ffj.1921
Mobaiend A, Ghassemifard L, Kamali K, Khavasi N. Therapeutic Effect of Thyme (Thymus Vulgaris) Essential Oil on Patients with COVID19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research.2021; 29(133): 83-91.
Catella C, Camero M, Lucente MS, et al. Virucidal and antiviral effects of Thymus vulgaris essential oil on feline coronavirus. Research in veterinary science. 2021;137:44-47. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.024, PMid: 33932822, PMCid: PMC8061179
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Knowledge Kingdom Publishing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
