Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms as a risk factor for obesity in Saudi men
Keywords:
Vitamin D receptor, Obesity, Genetic polymorphismAbstract
Background: The prevalence of obesity and vitamin D deficiency in Saudi Arabia has increased recently. Decreased physical activity might play a role in obesity. Previous studies showed an association between low vitamin D level and its receptor polymorphism with obesity development.
Objective: To determine association of low vitamin D level and its receptor polymorphism with obesity in Saudi men.
Methods: This case control study was carried out from March 2016 through March 2017. Three hundred Saudi male students (from applied medical sciences in Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia) were classified according to BMI into lean, overweight and obese groups. For each individual, blood glucose, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, insulin and 25-(OH) vitamin D were measured. In addition, Apal, BsmI and TaqI genotypes were performed for each individual from March 2016 through March 2017, through computer-based search of the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science (Thomson ReutersTM). The references of the original literature and the related articles were also searched, for potential complementary studies. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16, using Spearman's rho and ANOVA tests.
Results: There was significant negative association between 25-(OH) vitamin D level and obesity (p<0.01). Genotyping study showed that both bb of BsmI and tt of TaqI genotypes were higher in the obese group compared with lean group (p<0.05). Moreover, bb genotype has higher BMI and HOMA-IR than both BB and Bb; and tt genotype also has higher BMI and HOMA-IR than TT and Tt genotypes (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Low vitamin D level and VDR BsmI and Taq1 genotypes may be a risk factor of obesity.
References
Non-communicable Diseases Country Profiles. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation: 2011:
Nan C, Guo B, Warner C, Fowler T, Barrett T, Boomsma D, et al. Heritability of body mass index in pre- adolescence, young adulthood and late adulthood. Eur J Epidemiol. 2012; 27: 247-53. doi: 10.1007/s10654- 012-9678-6. PMID: 22426805.
Lavie CJ, McAuley PA, Church TS, Milani RV, Blair SN. Obesity and cardiovascular diseases:
implications regarding fitness, fatness, and severity in the obesity paradox. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 63:
-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.022. PMID: 24530666.
Habib SS. Body mass index and body fat percentage in assessment of obesity prevalence in Saudi adults.
Biomed Environ Sci. 2013; 26: 94–9. PMID: 23336132.
Lazarevich I, Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Velazquez-Alva Mdel C. Obesity, eating behavior and mental health
among university studentsin Mexico City. Nutr Hosp. 2013; 28: 1892-9. PMID: 24506365.
Parikh SJ, Edelman M, Uwaifo GI, Freedman RJ, Semega-Janneh M, Reynolds J, et al. The relationship
between obesity and serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D concentrations in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab. 2004; 89: 1196–9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031398. PMID: 15001609.
Al-Hazmi AS. Relation of Vitamin D with Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover Markers in Healthy
Saudi Men. International Journal of Advanced Research. 2016; 4: 205-11. doi: 10.21474/IJAR01/129.
Vimeswaran K, Berry D, Lu C, Pilz S, Hiraki L, Cooper J, et al. Causal relationship between obesity and
vitamin D status: Bi-directional mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohorts. PLoS Med. 2013;
: 1549–676.
Simon Vanlint. Vitamin D and Obesity. Nutrition. 2013; 5: 949-56.
Wong K, Kong J, Zhang W, Szeto F, Ye H. Targeted expression of human vitamin D receptor in adipocytes
decreases energy expenditure and induces obesity in mice. J Biol Chem. 2012; 286: 33804–10. doi:
1074/jbc.M111.257568. PMID: 21840998, PMCID: PMC3190828.
Ochs-Balcom H, Chennamaneni R, Millen A, Shields P, Marian C. Vitamin D receptor gene
polymorphisms are associated with adiposity phenotypes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 93(1): 5-10. doi:
3945/ajcn.2010.29986. PMID: 21048058, PMCID: PMC3001595.
Vasilopoulos Y, Sarafidou T, Kotsa K, Papadimitriou M, Goutzelas Y. VDR TaqI is associated with
obesity in the Greek population. Gene. 2013; 512(2): 237-9. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.10.044. PMID:
Ardawi MS, Sibiany AM, Bakhsh TM, Qari M, Maimani AA. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency
among healthy Saudi Arabian men: Relationship to bone mineral density, parathyroid hormone, bone
turnover markers, and lifestyle factors. Osteoporos Int. 2010; 23: 675–86. doi: 10.1007/s00198-011-1606-1.
PMID: 21625888.
Perrey C, Turner SJ, Pravica V, Howell W, Hutchinson IV. ARMS-PCR methodologies to determine IL- 10, TNF-alpha, TNF-beta and TGF-beta 1 gene polymorphisms. Trans Pl Immunol. 1999; 7: 127–8. doi:
1016/S0966-3274(99)80030-6.
Ye W, Reis A, Velho G. Identification of a novel Tru9 I polymorphism in the human vitamin D receptor
gene. Journal of Human Genetics. 2000; 45: 56-7. doi: 10.1007/s100380050011. PMID: 10697965.
Mitchell NS, Catenacci VA, Wyatt HR, Hill JO. Obesity: Overview of an epidemic. Psychiatr Clin North
Am. 2011; 34: 717-32. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.005. PMID: 22098799, PMCID: PMC3228640.
Alharbi AS, Al-Omery A, Hedaib S. Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Healthy Saudi Men. Sch J
App Med Sci. 2013; 1(6): 863-6.
Yingshui Y, Lijun Z, Lianping H, Ying D, Wei L, Zhonghua N, et al. A meta-analysis of the relationship
between vitamin D deficiency and obesity. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015; 8(9): 14977-84.
Lee S, Clark S, Gill R, Christakos S. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and pancreatic b-cell function: vitamin D
receptors, gene expression, and insulin secretion. Endocrinology. 1994; 134: 1602-10. doi:
1210/endo.134.4.8137721. PMID: 8137721.
Afzal S, Brondum-Jacobsen P, Bojesen S, Nordestgaard B. Vitamin D concentration obesity, and risk of
diabetes: a mendelian randomization study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014; 2: 298-306. doi:
1016/S2213-8587(13)70200-6.
Kull M, Kallikorm R, Lember M. Body mass index determines sunbathing habits: Implicationson vitamin
D levels. Intern Med J. 2009; 39: 256–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.01900.x. PMID: 19402866.
Blum M, Dolnikowski G, Seyoum E, Harris S, Booth S, Peterson J, Saltzman E, Dawson-Hughes B.
Vitamin D3 in fat tissue. Endocrine. 2008; 33: 90–4. doi: 10.1007/s12020-008-9051-4. PMID: 18338271,
PMCID: PMC2839878.
Ding C, Gao D, Wilding J, Trayhurn P, Bing C. Vitamin D signaling in adipose tissue. Br J Nutr. 2012;
: 1915–23. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512003285. PMID: 23046765.
Rock CL, Emond JA, Flatt SW, Heath DD, Karanja N, Pakiz B, et al. Weight loss is associated with
increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in overweight or obese women. Obesity. 2012; 20: 2296–301. doi:
1038/oby.2012.57. PMID: 22402737, PMCID: PMC3849029.
Ye WZ, Reis AF, Dubois-Laforgue D, Bellanné-Chantelot C, Timsit J, Velho G. Vitamin D receptor gene
polymorphisms are associated with obesity in type 2 diabetic subjects with early age of onset. Eur J
Endocrinol. 2001; 145: 181-6. doi: 10.1530/eje.0.1450181.
Bonakdaran S, Abbaszadegan M, Dadkhah E, Khajeh-Dalouie M. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms
in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a new pattern from Khorasan province, Islamic Republic of Iran. EMH J. 2012;
: 614-9.
Al-Daghri N, Guerini F, Al-Attas O, Alokai S, Alkharfy K, Draz H, et al. Vitamin D Receptor Gene
Polymorphisms Are Associated With Obesity and Inflammosome Activity. PLOS One. 2014; 9 (7):
e102141. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102141. PMID: 25020064, PMCID: PMC4096505.
Amar N, Uppala S, Jupalle S, Krishan R, Medabalmi A. Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms In
Obese Indian Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Curr Rese. 2015; 7: 19686-91.
Binh TQ1, Nakahori Y, Hien VT, Khan NC, Lam NT, Mai le B. Correlations between genetic variance and
adiposity measures and gene × gene interactions for obesity in postmenopausal Vietnamese women. J
Genet. 2011; 90: 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s12041-011-0028-3. PMID: 21677383.
Mohamed S, El-Askary A. Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism among Egyptian Obese Children.
Asian J Clin Nutr. 2017; 9: 24-9. doi: 10.3923/ajcn.2017.24.29.
Jakubowska-Pietkiewicz E, Klich I, Fendler W, Młynarski W, Chlebna-Sokół D. Effect of Vitamin D
Receptor gene (VDR) polymorphism on body height in children-own experience. Postepy Hig Med Dosw
(Online). 2013; 67: 873-8. doi: 10.5604/17322693.1063747. PMID: 24018452.
Clemente-Postigo M, Araceli M, Marta S, Ourdes G. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Adipose Tissue
Vitamin D Receptor Gene Expression: Relationship With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. JCEM. 2015; 10:
-603. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-3016.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 KNOWLEDGE KINGDOM PUBLISHING
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.