The prevalence of violence against women and some related factors in Sanandaj city (Iran) in 2015
Keywords:
Violence, Family violence, Domestic violence, Spouse abuseAbstract
Background and aim: Violence against women is considered as one of the social problems of all countries in the world. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of violence against married women referring to health centers, and determining its related factors in Sanandaj, Iran, in 2015.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 700 married women referred to health centers in Sanandaj, Iran in 2015. A researcher made questionnaire was used to collect data. To perform sampling, the city was divided into 5 regions and from each region, one health center was selected randomly. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18 and using descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-test, chi-square test and ANOVA. Significance level of .05 was considered.
Results: The results of this study showed that all women in the study had been subjected to violence at least once. In 11.7% of cases, the violence was moderate and severe. A total of 9.6% had been subjected to physical violence, 42.2% to verbal and psychological violence, 52.4% to sexual violence and 53.4% to economic violence. It was a statistically significant correlation between violence and following variables; education (p=0.0001), occupation (p=0.0001), history of domestic violence in family (p=0.0001), and having a boy in the family (p=0.0001). There was no statistically significant relationship between the number of girls in the family and violence against women (p=0.19).
Conclusion: Although Physical violence against women has decreased, other forms of violence including; verbal, sexual and economic were used against women. It seems that the problem of violence against women would not be solved without improving women`s socio-economic status.
References
A/RES/48/104. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. General Assembly. 1993. Available from: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r104.htm.
Mitchell L. Domestic violence in Australia: An overview of the issues. Background note. Canberra:
Parliamentary Library. 2011. Available from:
=application/pdf.
Khoshemehry G, Marin S, Shamsi M, Almasi Hashiani A. Social factors contributing to violence against
women by their partners in Shahid Fayazbakhsh hospital in 2012. J Neyshabur Univ Med Sci. 2014; 2(4):
-44.
WHO. WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women. Available
from: http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/violence/24159358X/en.
Ghazi Tabatabai M, Mohsen Tabrizi AR, Marjai SH. Studies on domestic violence against women. Tehran:
Office of Public Affairs, Ministry of Interior. Center of Women and Family Affairs, Presidency of the
Islamic Republic of Iran. 2004.
Adineh HA, Almasi Z, Enayat Rad M. Prevalence of Domestic Violence against Women in Iran: A
Systematic Review. Epidemiology. 2016; 06(06).
Hajnasiri H, Ghanei Gheshlagh R, Sayehmiri K, Moafi F, Farajzadeh M. Domestic Violence Among
Iranian Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016; 18(6): e34971.
doi: 10.5812/ircmj.34971. PMID: 27621936, PMCID: PMC5006439.
Saffari M, Arslan S, Yekaninejad M, Pakpour A, Zaben F, Koenig H. Factors Associated With Domestic
Violence Against Women in Iran: An Exploratory Multicenter Community-Based Study. Journal of
Interpersonal Violence. 2017; 32(11). doi: 10.1177/0886260517713224.
Erlick RG .Violence against women in North America. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2003; 6(3):
-91. doi: 10.1007/s00737-003-0168-4.
Bouhours B, Broadhurst R. Violence Against Women in Hong Kong. Violence Against Women. 2015;
(11): 1311-29. doi: 10.1177/1077801215593646.
Douki S, Nacef F, Belhadj A, Bouasker A, Ghachem R. Violence against women in Arab and Islamic
countries. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2003; 6(3): 165-71. doi: 10.1007/s00737-003-0170-x.
Mavrikiou P, Apostolidou M, Parlalis S. Risk factors for the prevalence of domestic violence against
women in Cyprus. The Social Science Journal. 2014; 51(2): 295-301. doi: 10.1016/j.soscij.2014.02.002.
Inami E, Kataoka Y, Eto H, Horiuchi S. Intimate partner violence against Japanese and non-Japanese
women in Japan: A cross-sectional study in the perinatal setting. Japan Journal of Nursing Science. 2010;
(1): 84-95. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7924.2010.00140.x.
Walsh K, Keyes K, Koenen K, Hasin D. Lifetime prevalence of gender-based violence in US women:
Associations with mood/anxiety and substance use disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2015; 62: 7- 13. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.01.002.
Duvvury N, Callan A, Carney P, Raghavendra S. Intimate Partner Violence: Economic Costs and
Implications for Growth and Development. Women’s Voice, Agency & Participation Research Series.
Washington D.C, The World Bank. 2013; 3.
Deyassa N, Berhane Y, Ellsberg M, Emmelin M, Kullgren G, Högberg U. Violence against women in
relation to literacy and area of residence in Ethiopia. Global Health Action. 2010; 3(1): 1-9. doi:
3402/gha.v3i0.2070.
Aizer A. The Gender Wage Gap and Domestic Violence. American Economic Review. 2010; 100(4): 1847- 59. doi: 10.1257/aer.100.4.1847.
Kazemienavai F. A survey on prevalence, causes and outcomes of domestic violence against pregnant
women in hospitals of Tehran Medical Universities, 2004. faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences. 2005.
Rada C. Violence against women by male partners and against children within the family: prevalence,
associated factors, and intergenerational transmission in Romania, a cross-sectional study. BMC Public
Health. 2014; 14(1): 129. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-129.
Rasoulian M, Habib S, Bolhari J, Hakim Shooshtari M, Nojomi M, Abedi S. Risk Factors of Domestic
Violence in Iran. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2014; 2014: 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2014/352346.
Yari A, Nouri R, Rashidian H, Nadrian H. Prevalence and determinants of sexual intimate partner violence
against women in the city of marivan, iran. J Family Reprod Health. 2013; 7(4): 157-63. PMID: 24971119,
PMCID: PMC4064750.
Vakili M, Nadrian H, Fathipoor M, Boniadi F, Morowatisharifabad MA. Prevalence and Determinants of
Intimate Partner Violence against Women in Kazeroon, Islamic Republic of Iran. Violence and Victims.
; 25(1): 116-27. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.25.1.116.
Nikbakht Nasrabadi A, Hossein Abbasi N, Mehrdad N. The Prevalence of Violence Against Iranian
Women and Its Related Factors. Global Journal of Health Science.2014; 7(3): 37-45. doi:
5539/gjhs.v7n3p37.
Fidan Abui H. Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Zimbabwe. Violence Against Women. 2015;
(9): 1075-96. doi: 10.1177/1077801215617551.
Nguyen T. Prevalence of Male Intimate Partner Abuse in Vietnam. Violence Against Women. 2006; 12(8):
-9. doi: 10.1177/1077801206291555. PMID: 16861330.
Ghazizadeh A. Wife Battering: a Prospective Study in Sanandaj City, Iran. Iranian Journal of Public
Health. 2003; 32(2): 24-7.
Akmatov M, Mikolajczyk R, Labeeb S, Dhaher E, Khan M. Factors associated with wife beating in Egypt:
analysis of two surveys (1995 and 2005). BMC Women's Health. 2008; 8(1): 15.doi: 10.1186/1472-6874-8- 15.
Shuman S, Falb K, Cardoso L, Cole H, Kpebo D, Gupta J. Perceptions and Experiences of Intimate Partner
Violence in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. PLOS ONE. 2016; 11(6): e0157348. doi:
1371/journal.pone.0157348. PMID: 27310143, PMCID: PMC4911101.
Jewkes R, Abrahams N. The epidemiology of rape and sexual coercion in South Africa: an overview.
Social Science & Medicine. 2002; 55(7): 1231-44. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00242-8.
Babu B, Kar S. Domestic violence against women in eastern India: a population-based study on prevalence
and related issues. BMC Public Health. 2009; 9(1): 129. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-129. PMID: 19426515,
PMCID: PMC2685379.
Rabi Ullah M, Parvin S. Socio-economic Status of Women Influences of Domestic Violence: A
Sociological Analysis at Urban Area in Bangladesh. International Journal of Social Science Studies. 2015;
(3). doi: 10.11114/ijsss.v3i3.775.
Dalal K. Does economic empowerment protect women from intimate partner violence? J Inj Violence Res.
; 3(1): 35-44. doi: 10.5249/jivr.v3i1.76. PMID: 21483213, PMCID: PMC3134921.
Faramarzi M, Esmailzadeh S, Mosavi S. Prevalence and determinants of intimate partner violence in Babol
city, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2005; 11(5-6): 870-9. PMID: 16761656.
Bostock J, Plumpton M, Pratt R. Domestic violence against women: Understanding social processes and
women's experiences. J Community Appl Soc Psychol. 2009; 19(2): 95-110. doi: 10.1002/casp.985.
Aghakhani N, Sharif Nia H, Moosavi E, Eftekhari A, Zarei A, Bahrami N, et al. Study of the Types of
Domestic Violence Committed Against Women Referred to the Legal Medical Organization in Urmia -
Iran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2015; 9(4): e2446. doi: 10.17795/ijpbs-2446.
Alonso-Borrego C, Carrasco R. Employment and the Risk of Domestic Violence: Does the Breadwinner's
Gender Matter? SSRN Electronic Journal. 2017; 49(50): 5074-91. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2748885.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 KNOWLEDGE KINGDOM PUBLISHING
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.