Health-related variables and predictors of Health-promoting Lifestyle in cardiovascular disease patients
Keywords:
cardiovascular disease; exercise stress test; health-promoting lifestyleAbstract
Introduction: The principal cause for death in the world is cardiovascular disease. Poor lifestyle is a contributing element in this regard. The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of health-related variables and lifestyle variables on the results of exercise stress tests in patients with cardiovascular disease in Iran.
Methods: The study population in this case-control study was 220 patients who were candidates for exercise stress tests in Mazandaran Province (Iran) in 2015. The patients were divided randomly into two groups based on the results of their exercise stress tests, i.e., positive (110 patients) and negative (110 patients). The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire entitled "Health promotion lifestyle profile-II." The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, the Chi-squared test, and logistic regression by SPSS version 22 software.
Results: The risk of a positive exercise stress test increases with age. The age group above 65 was 1.049 times more at risk of a positive exercise stress test than the age group of less than 45. The people with dyslipidemia had 1.635 times greater risk of positive exercise stress tests than the group without dyslipidemia. In addition, patients with hypertension had 1.579 times greater risk of positive exercise stress tests than the group without hypertension. The lack of individual health responsibility (Odds ratio (OR): 1.622), stress management (OR: 1.592), and physical activity (OR: 1.245) contributed more to positive exercise tests than the other risk factors.
Conclusion: Educational interventions can improve the responsibility for health, physical activity, and stress management among people with the risk of cardiovascular disease.
References
Truelsen T, Mähönen M, Tolonen H, Asplund K, Bonita R, Vanuzzo D. Trends in stroke and coronary
heart disease in the WHO MONICA Project. Stroke. 2003; 34(6): 1346-52. doi:
1161/01.STR.0000069724.36173.4D, PMID: 12738889.
Abegunde DO, Mathers CD, Adam T, Ortegon M, Strong K. The burden and costs of chronic diseases in
low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet. 2007; 370(9603): 1929-38. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(07)61696-1.
Hatmi Z, Tahvildari S, Motlag AG, Kashani AS. Prevalence of coronary artery disease risk factors in Iran:
a population based survey. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2007; 7(1): 32. doi: 10.1186/1471-2261-7-32, PMID:
, PMCID: PMC2200651.
i bl Di N. Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2011. World Health Organization 2011. Available
from: http://www.un.org/en/ga/ncdmeeting2011/pdf/ncd_profiles_report.pdf
Liu K, Daviglus ML, Loria CM, Colangelo LA, Spring B, Moller AC, et al. Healthy Lifestyle Through
Young Adulthood and the Presence of Low Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profile in Middle Age The
Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults (CARDIA) Study. Circulation. 2012; 125(8): 996- 1004. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.060681, PMID: 22291127, PMCID: PMC3353808.
El mokadem NM. Health Promoting Lifestyle Behaviors among Women at High Risk for Cardiovascular
Diseases. The Medical Journal of Cairo University. 2013; 81(2).
WHO. Milestones in health promotion: Statements from global conferences: Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2009.
Pender N, Murdaugh C, Parsons M. The health promotion model. Health promotion in nursing practice.
; 4: 59-79.
Elmer PJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Simons-Morton D, Stevens VJ, Young DR, et al. Effects of
comprehensive lifestyle modification on diet, weight, physical fitness, and blood pressure control: 18- month results of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144(7): 485-95. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-144-7- 200604040-00007, PMID: 16585662.
Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Sasiela WJ, Tsai J, et al. Statin therapy, LDL cholesterol,
C-reactive protein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352(1): 29-38. doi:
1056/NEJMoa042000, PMID: 15635110
Wilt TJ, Bloomfield HE, MacDonald R, Nelson D, Rutks I, Ho M, et al. Effectiveness of statin therapy in
adults with coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med. 2004; 164(13): 1427-36. doi:
1001/archinte.164.13.1427, PMID: 15249352.
Chiuve SE, McCullough ML, Sacks FM, Rimm EB. Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of
coronary heart disease among men benefits among users and nonusers of lipid-lowering and
antihypertensive medications. Circulation. 2006; 114(2): 160-7. doi:
1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.621417, PMID: 16818808.
Daga MK, Zolfaghari R, Shahamfar M, Shahamfar J, Aslanabadi N, Gupta VK. Reduction of Risk Factors
following Lifestyle Modification Programe in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. JIMSA. 2010; 23(2):
-74.
Van Limpt PM, Harting J, van Assema P, Ruland E, Kester A, Gorgels T, et al. Effects of a brief
cardiovascular prevention program by a health advisor in primary care; the ‘Hartslag Limburg’ project, a
cluster randomized trial. Prev Med. 2011; 53(6): 395-401. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.08.031, PMID:
Lieber SB, Redberg RF, Blumenthal RS, Gandhi A, Robb KJ, Mora S. A national interactive web-based
physical activity intervention in women, evaluation of the American Heart Association choose to move
program 2006–2007. Am J Cardiol. 2012; 109(12): 1754-60. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.02.017, PMID:
Walker S, Sechrist K, Pender N. The health-promoting lifestyle profile II. 1995.
Walker SN, Sechrist KR, Pender NJ. The health-promoting lifestyle profile: development and psychometric
characteristics. Nurs Res. 1987; 36(2): 76-81. doi: 10.1097/00006199-198703000-00002, PMID: 3644262.
Acton GJ, Malathum P. Basic need status and health-promoting self-care behavior in adults. Western J
Nurs Res. 2000; 22(7): 796-811. doi: 10.1177/01939450022044764.
Hosseini SA, Salehi A .The relationship between coronary risk factors and coronary artery involvement
based on angiogrpahy findings. Koomesh. 2012; 14(1): 7-12.
Bidel Z, Nazarzadeh M. Evaluating the Associations between Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors and
Coronary Artery Obstruction Based on Angiographic Findings. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of
Medical Sciences. 2014; 22(1): 147-54.
Darabian S, Abbasi A .The correlation of ischemic risk factors with left main tract disease. KAUMS
Journal (FEYZ). 2007; 11(3): 31-5.
Veeranna V, Pradhan J, Niraj A, Fakhry H, Afonso L. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors and severity
of angiographic coronary artery disease in the elderly. Prev Cardiol. 2010; 13(3): 135-40. PMID:
Camargo GC, Rothstein T, Derenne ME, Sabioni L, Calafate IR, Xavier CA, et al. Factors Associated With
Coronary Artery Disease Progression Assessed by Serial Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography.
Circulation. 2013; 128(22 Suppl): A11576.
Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, et al. Heart disease and stroke
statistics—2010 update A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010; 121(7): e46- e215. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192667, PMID: 20019324.
Doughty M, Mehta R, Bruckman D, Das S, Karavite D, Tsai T, et al. Acute myocardial infarction in the
young—The University of Michigan experience. American heart journal. 2002; 143(1): 56-62. doi:
1067/mhj.2002.120300, PMID: 11773912.
Sadeghi M, Pourmand K, Sanei H, Heidari R, Talaei M. Which major atherosclerosis risk factors represents
the extent of coronary artery disease? ARYA Atheroscler. 2012; 7: S63-S9.
Rasheed A, Habib S, Dar MI, Jahan N. Effect of risk factors like age, gender, hypertension, diabetes,
smoking, dyslipidemia on coronary artery disease in Karachiites with angiographical data of local
population: Number, site, severity of coronary lesion. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2014;
(6).
Schenck-Gustafsson K. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women. Maturitas. 2009; 63(3): 186-90.
doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.02.014, PMID: 19403246.
Hossain S. TCTAP A-163 Association of Hypertension on Development of Coronary Collaterals in Severe
Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015; 65(17_S): S76-S. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.244.
Abbasi S, De Leon AP, Kassaian S, Karimi A, Sundin Ö, Soares J, et al. Gender differences in the risk of
coronary artery disease in Iran. Iranian journal of public health. 2012; 41(3): 36.
Armstrong GT, Oeffinger KC, Chen Y, Kawashima T, Yasui Y, Leisenring W, et al. Modifiable risk
factors and major cardiac events among adult survivors of childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol . 2013: JCO.
49. 3205.
Guo Y, Zhang W, Zhou Y, Zhao D, Zhou Z, Zhang H. [Study of the relationship between cardiovascular
risk factors and severity of coronary artery disease in patients underwent coronary angiography]. Zhonghua
xin xue guan bing za zhi. 2005; 33(5): 415-8. PMID: 15932697.
Varbo A, Benn M, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Jørgensen AB, Frikke-Schmidt R, Nordestgaard BG. Remnant
cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61(4): 427-36. doi:
1016/j.jacc.2012.08.1026, PMID: 23265341.
Berry JD, Dyer A, Cai X, Garside DB, Ning H, Thomas A, et al. Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease. N
Engl J Med. 2012; 366(4): 321-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1012848, PMID: 22276822, PMCID:
PMC3336876.
Monasta L, Batty G, Cattaneo A, Lutje V, Ronfani L, Van Lenthe F, et al. Early‐life determinants of
overweight and obesity: a review of systematic reviews. Obesity Reviews. 2010; 11(10): 695-708. doi:
1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00735.x, PMID: 20331509.
Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Sullivan L, Parise H, Kannel WB. Overweight and obesity as determinants of
cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162(16): 1867-72. doi:
1001/archinte.162.16.1867, PMID: 12196085
Rivera JÁ, de Cossío TG, Pedraza LS, Aburto TC, Sánchez TG, Martorell R. Childhood and adolescent
overweight and obesity in Latin America: a systematic review. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology.
; 2(4): 321-32. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70173-6.
Mansoorian M, Qorbani M, Shafieyan N, Asayesh H, Shafieyan Z, Maghsodloo D. Association between
life style and hypertension in rural population of Gorgan. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2012;
(2): 23-8.
Kheirjoo E, Jomehri F, Ahadi H, Manisefat FF. Comparison of Health Promoting Lifestyle of Female
Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with Healthy Women and It's Relationship with Demographic Factors.
Knowledge & Research In Applied Psychology. 2013; 13(4): 61-70.
Naghii M, Almadadi M. Effect of regular physical activity as a basic component of lifestyle modification
on reducing major cardiovascular risk factors. Knowledge & Health. 2011; 6(1): 27-35.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 KNOWLEDGE KINGDOM PUBLISHING
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
