Validating the Farsi version of the Pregnancy Worries and Stress Questionnaire (PWSQ)Validating the Farsi version of the Pregnancy Worries and Stress Questionnaire (PWSQ)
An exploratory factor analysis
Keywords:
Exploratory examination; Factor analysis; Pregnancy; anxiety; Stress; WorryAbstract
Introduction: Biological, environmental, inter- and intrapersonal changes during the antenatal period can result in anxiety and stress in pregnant women. It is pivotal to identify potential stressors and prevent their foetal and maternal consequences. The present study was conducted to validate and examine the factor structure of the Farsi version of the Pregnancy Worries and Stress Questionnaire (PWSQ).
Methods: In 2015, 502 Iranian healthy pregnant women, referred to selected hospitals in Tehran for prenatal care at 8-39 weeks of pregnancy, were recruited through a randomized cluster sampling. The PWSQ was translated into Farsi, and its validity and reliability were examined using exploratory factor analysis by SPSS version 21.
Results: The content validity of items on the PWSQ was between 0.63-1. The content validity index for relevance, clarity and simplicity were 0.92, 0.98, and 0.98, respectively, with a mean of 0.94. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was 0.863. Test–retest reliability showed high internal consistency (α=0.89; p<0.0001)
Conclusion: The psychometric evaluation and exploratory factor analysis showed that the translated questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool to identify stress in Iranian pregnant women. Application of the questionnaire can facilitate the diagnosis of stress in pregnant women and assist health care providers in providing timely support and minimizing negative outcomes of stress and anxiety in pregnant women and their infants.
References
Cha S, Masho SW. Preterm birth and stressful life events. In O Erez (Ed.), Preterm birth. InTech . 2013.
doi: 10.5772/54978.
Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan & Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. 2008: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
Tordjman S, Gragnier-Deferre C, Graignic R. Ensations during pregnancyand Life Events Questionnaire.
Hogrefe. 2014.
WHO. Maternal mental health and child health and development in low and middle income countries.
report of the meeting, Geneva, Switzerland, 30 January-1 February, 2008. 2008.
Sandman CA, Davis EP, Glynn LM. Psychobiological stress and preterm birth. 2012: INTECH Open
Access Publisher.
Rubertsson C, Hellström J, Cross M, Sydsjö G. Anxiety in early pregnancy: prevalence and contributing
factors. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2014; 17(3): 221-8. doi: 10.1007/s00737-013-0409-0. PMID:
Salari P, Firoozi M, Sahebi A. Study of the Stressors Associated with Pregnancy. Journal of Sabzevar
University of Medical Sciences. 2005; 12(3(37)): 34-40.
Alipour Z, Lamyian M, Hajizadeh E. Anxiety and fear of childbirth as predictors of postnatal depression in
nulliparous women. Women Birth. 2012; 25(3): e37-43. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2011.09.002. PMID:
Arch JJ. Pregnancy-specific anxiety: which women are highest and what are the alcohol-related risks?
Compr Psychiatry. 2013; 54(3): 217-28. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.010. PMID: 22943960.
Bea Van den Bergh. The influence of maternal emotions during pregnancy on fetal and neonatal behavior.
; 5(2): 119-30.
Schneider Z. Nursing and midwifery research: Methods and appraisal for evidence-based practice. 2013:
Elsevier Australia.
Munro BH. Statistical methods for health care research. 2013, Philadelphia: Lippicott. Williams & Wilkins.
Acquadro C, Lafortune L, Mear I. Quality of life in multiple sclerosis: translation in French Canadian of
the MSQoL-54. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003; 1: 70. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-1-70. PMID: 14636427,
PMCID: PMC317365.
Leinonen T, Leino-Kilpi H, Stahlberg MR, Lertola K. The quality of prospective care: Development of a
tool for the perceptions of patients. J Adv Nurs. 2001; 35(2): 294-306. doi: 10.1046/j.1365- 2648.2001.01846.x. PMID: 11442708.
Polit DF, Beck CT, Hungler B. Essentials of nursing research: Methods, Appraisal, and Utilization. 2006,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia.
Polit DF, Beck CT, Owen SV. Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and
recommendations. Res Nurs Health. 2007; 30(4): 459-67. doi: 10.1002/nur.20199. PMID: 17654487.
Waltz C, Bausell B. Nursing Research: Design, Statistics and Computer Analysis FA. 1983, Philadelphia:
Davis Company.
Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. 1970.
Polit DF, Beck CT. Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. 2013:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Burns N, Grove SK. The practice of nursing research. 1993. WB Saunders Company.
Huizink AC, Mulder EJ, Robles de Medina PG, Visser GH, Buitelaar JK. Is pregnancy anxiety a distinctive
syndrome? Early Hum Dev. 2004; 79(2): 81-91. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.04.014. PMID: 15324989.
Alderdice F, Lynn F, Lobel M. A review and psychometric evaluation of pregnancy-specific stress
measures. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2012; 33(2): 62-77. doi: 10.3109/0167482X.2012.673040.
PMID: 22554138.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 KNOWLEDGE KINGDOM PUBLISHING
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
