Comparing Motivational Interviewing-Based Treatment and its combination with Nicotine Replacement Therapy on smoking cessation in prisoners
A randomized controlled clinical trial
Keywords:
motivational interviewing, nicotine replacement therapy, smoking cessation, prisonersAbstract
Background: The prevalence of smoking is much higher in prisoners than it is in the general population. Prisoners who smoke cause many health problems for themselves and other prisoners. Therefore, we should help them stop smoking.
Objective: To compare the effects of motivational interviewing-based (MI-based) treatment and its combination with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) on smoking cessation in prisoners at Mashhad Central Prison.
Methods: The study was designed as a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial, and it began in February 2013 and ended in February 2014. Two hundred and thirteen prisoners met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study. They were divided randomly into three groups, i.e., MI-based treatment, MI with NRT, and the control group, which didn’t receive any therapy. The outcome measures were reported after intervention and at a 90-day follow-up, and changes in the CO levels in expired air and nicotine dependency were measured.
Results: The average age of the subjects was 37.59 ± 8.76, and their mean duration of imprisonment was 3.3 ± 1.90 years. They smoked an average of 21.84 ± 8.72 cigarettes per day. Analysis of the concentration of CO in expired air in the pre-test, post-test, and at the follow-up for the three groups showed that the variations in the mean CO concentrations in the MI group and the MI with NRT group at the pre-test and at the post-test were statistically significant (p < 0.001), but no significant changes occurred between the post-test and the follow-up (p > 0.050). In addition, the results indicated that CO concentration in expired air in the MI with NRT group was statistically significant, with better efficacy of smoking cessation, compared with control group and the MI group after the follow-up (p = 0.02).
Conclusions: Motivational interviewing combined with NRT for smoking cessation is more effective than MI alone, and it resulted in a significant decrease in the CO concentration in expired air at the 90-day follow-up.
Trial registration: The trial is registered at the Thai Clinical Trial Registry with the TCR identification number TCTR20150724001
Funding: This research was supported by the Educational and Research Centre, District XI of State Prisons, Mashhad, Iran.
References
World Health Organization. Why is tobacco a public health priority? 2015. Available from:
http://www.who.int/tobacco/en/
World Health Organization. Reducing risks to health, promoting health life. The World Health Report
Geneva: WHO, 2002. Available from
http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/summary_riskfactors_chp4.pdf
Butler, T., Andrews, G.,Allnutt, S., Sakashita, C., Smith, N.E., & Basson, J. Mental disorders in Australian
prisoners: a comparison with a community sample. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;40(3):272-6. doi:
1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01785. PMID: 16476156
Papadodima, S.A., Sakelliadis, E.I., Sergentanis, T.N., Giotakos, O., Sergentanis, I.N., Spiliopoulou, C.A.
Smoking in prison: a hierarchical approach at the crossroad of personality and childhood events. Eur J
Public Health. 2010 Aug; 20(4):470-4. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckp209. PMID: 20034931
Etter, M., Mohr, S., Garin, C. et al. Stages of change in smokers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective
disorder and in the general population. Schizophr Bull. 2004; 30(2):459-68. doi:
1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007092. PMID: 15279060
Cropsey K, Eldridge GD, Ladner T. Smoking among female prisoners: an ignored public health epidemic.
Addict Behav. 2004 Feb;29(2):425-31. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.014. PMID: 14732432
Richmond R, Butler T, Wilhelm K, Wodak A, Cunningham M, Anderson I. Tobacco in prisons: a focus
group study. Tob Control. 2009 Jun;18(3):176-82. doi: 10.1136/tc.2008.026393. PMID: 19188210
Hammond SK, Emmons KM. Inmate exposure to secondhand smoke in correctional facilities and the
impact of smoking restrictions. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2005; 15(3):205-11. doi:
1038/sj.jea.7500387. PMID: 15187988
Cropsey, K., Jackson, D., Hale, G., Carpenter, M., Stitzer, M. Impact of self-initiated pre-quit smoking
reduction on cessation rates: results of a clinical trial of smoking cessation among female prisoners. Addict
Behav. 2011;36:73–78. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.026. PMID: 20888129. PMCID: PMC3005277
Kauffman R, Ferketich A K, Murray D M, Bellair P E, Wewers M E. Measuring tobacco use in a prison
population. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010;12(6):582-8. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntq048. PMID: 20395359. PMCID:
PMC2878726
Mehrabi S, Delavari A, Moradi G, EsmaeelNasab N, Poladi A. Smoking among 15-to 64-Year-Old Iranian
People in 2005. Iranian J Epid. 2007;3(1,2) :1-9.
Carpenter, M. J., J. R. Hughes, L. J. Solomon and T. A. Powell. Smoking in correctional facilities: a survey
of employees. Tob Control. 2001 Mar;10(1):38-42. doi: 10.1136/tc.10.1.38. PMID: 11226359. PMCID:
PMC1763985
Miller WR. Motivational interviewing with problem drinkers. Behavio Psychotherapy. 1983;11: 147–172.
doi: 10.1017/s0141347300006583.
Hettema, J., Steele, J., Miller, W.R., 2005. Motivational Interviewing. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005; 1:91- 111. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143833.
Lankenau SE. Smoke ‘em if you got ‘em: cigarette black markets in U.S. prisons and jails. Prison J.
;81(2):142-161. doi: 10.1177/0032885501081002002. PMID: 18064295. PMCID: PMC2117377
Fagerström K. Determinants of tobacco use and renaming the FTND to the Fagerström Test for Cigarette
Dependence. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;14:75–8. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntr137. PMID: 22025545
Sieminska A, Jassem E, Konopa K. Prisoners' attitudes towards cigarette smoking and smoking cessation: a
questionnaire study in Poland. BMC Public Health. 2006 7;6:181. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-181. PMID:
PMCID: PMC1553442
Richmond RL, Butler T, Belcher JM, Wodak A, Wilhelm KA, Baxter E. Promoting smoking cessation
among prisoners: feasibility of a multi-component intervention. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2006
Oct;30(5):474-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.2006.tb00467. PMID: 17073232
Berg CJ, Ahluwalia JS, Cropsey K. Predictors of Adherence to Behavioral Counseling and Medication
among Female Prisoners Enrolled in a Smoking Cessation Trial. J Correct Health Care. 2013;19(4):236- 47.doi: 10.1177/1078345813499307. PMID: 23955055
Harris KJ, Catley D, Good GE, Cronk NJ, Harrar S, Williams KB. Motivational interviewing for smoking
cessation in college students: a group randomized controlled trial. Prev Med. 2010;51(5):387-93. doi:
1016/j.ypmed.2010.08.018. PMID: 20828584. PMCID: PMC2964425
Audrain-McGovern, J., Stevens, S., Murray, P. J., Kinsman, S., Zuckoff, A., Pletcher, J., et al. The efficacy
of motivational interviewing versus brief advice for adolescent smoking behavior change. Pediatrics.
;128(1), e101–e111. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-2174. PMID: 21690120
Horn, K., Dino, G., Hamilton, C., & Noerachmanto, N. Efficacy of an emergency department-based
motivational teenage smoking intervention. Prev Chronic Dis. 2007 Jan; 4(1):A08. Epub 2006 Dec 15. doi:
1111/j.1553-2712.2005.tb00871. PMID: 17173716. PMCID: PMC1832131
Soria R, Legido A, Escolano C, LópezYeste A, Montoya J.A randomised controlled trial of motivational
interviewing for smoking cessation. Br J Gen Pract. 2006 Oct;56(531):768-74. doi: 10.1097/00006199- 200411000-00008.
Miller WR, Yahne CE, Moyers TB, Martinez J, Pirritano M. A randomized trial of methods to help
clinicians learn motivational interviewing. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004 Dec;72(6):1050-62. PMID:
Baer JS, Kivlahan DR, Blume AW, McKnight P, Marlatt GA. Brief intervention for heavy drinking college
students: Four-year follow-up and natural history. Am J Public Health. 2001 Aug;91(8):1310-6. doi:
2105/ajph.91.8.1310.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 knowledge kingdom publishing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
