Prevalence of smoking in northwest Iran

A meta-analysis

Authors

  • Mahdi Afshari Research Center for Modeling in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

Keywords:

tobacco, smoking, prevalence, Iran, meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Tobacco addiction is a major cause of preventable death worldwide. Thus, efforts to eliminate its use have the potential of producing significant health benefits. The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of cigarette smoking among people in the age range of 15 to 64. The specific objective of this meta-analysis was to provide valid data that policy makers can use to make evidence-based decisions.

Methods: To determine the prevalence of smoking among the adult population in northwest Iran, we used reports published by the surveillance system used to assess the risk factors for non-communicable diseases in different provinces in northwest Iran for the years 2004 and 2006-2009. Several variables were extracted, including the years of study, gender, ages, and smoking prevalence. Based on the heterogeneity of the results, we used fixed or random effects models to estimate the overall prevalence of cigarette smoking. The analyses were performed using Stata 11 software. 

Results: A total of 28,436 subjects (14,248 males and 14,188 females) in five age groups, i.e., 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, and 55-64, were interviewed. Meta-analysis in men showed that, across the age groups, the lowest prevalence was 22.9%, the highest prevalence was 26.5%, and the average prevalence was 24.7%. Among women, the lowest prevalence was 0.3%, the highest prevalence was 0.8%, and the average prevalence was 0.5%.

Conclusion: We found that approximately one-fourth of males in the age range of 15-64 in northwest Iran smoked cigarettes daily.  Therefore, it is necessary to conduct effective interventions to reduce the prevalence of addiction to tobacco in this area. 

References

Haenle MM, Brockmann OS, Kron M, Bertling U, Mason AR, Steinbach G, et al. Overweight, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol consumption in a cross-sectional random sample of Germany adults. BMC Public Health. 2006;6(1):233. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Oliveira A, Barros H, Maciel MJ, Lopes C. Tobacco smoking and acute myocardial Infarction in young adults: A population based case-control study. Prev Med. 2007;44(4):311–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Ezzati M, Henley SJ, Thun MJ, Lopez AD. Role of smoking in global and regional cardiovascular mortality. Circulation. 2005;112(4):489–97. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Najjareyan B, Zarghar Y, Mehrabizadeh M, Haghighy J. Epidemiology of smoking in Employees of government offices of Ahwaz. SJAPB. 2003;10(1–2):1–24. [Google Scholar]

Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortalityin relation to smoking: 50 year’s observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 2004;328:1519–28. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Jamrozik K. Estimate of deaths attributable to passive smoking among UK adults: database analysis. BMJ. 2005;330:812–5. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006;3(11):442. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Khosravi A, Najafi F, Rahbar M, Atefi A. Landscape indicators of health in the Islamic Republic of Iran. publication of health Deputy of the Ministry Health, treatment and Medical Education. 2009;1:134–7. [Google Scholar]

Sarrafzadegan N, Boshtam M, Shahrokhi S, Alinaderi G, Asgary S, Shahparian M, et al. Tobacco use among Iranian men, women and Adolescents. Eur J Public Health. 2004;14:76–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Moosazadeh M, Ziaaddini H, Mirzazadeh A, Ashrafi Asgarabad A, Haghdoost AA. Meta-analysis of Smoking Prevalence in Iran. Addict Health. 2013;5:3–4. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Fotouhi A, Khabazkhoob M, Hashemi H, Mohammad K. The Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking in Residents of Tehran. Arch Iran Med. 2009;12(4):358–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Boskabady MH, Mahmoudinia M, Eslamizade J, Boskabady M, Shakeri MT, Heydari GR. The prevalence of smoking among the population in the city of Mashhad (north east of Iran) and pulmonary function tests among smokers. Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 2011;79(1):21–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Ahmadi J, Khalili H, Jooybar R, Namazi N, Mohammadagaei P. Prevalence of cigarette smoking in Iran. Psychol Rep. 2001;89:339–41. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

De Andrade AP, Bernardo AC, Viegas CA, Ferreira DB, Gomes TC, Sales MR. Prevalence and characteristics of smoking among youth attending the University of Brasilia in Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2006;32:23–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Ebadi M, Vahdanineya MS, Azin A, Aeeinparast A, Omidvari S, Jahangiri K, et al. prevalence of smoking: Health study of people’s view of Iran. Journal of Payesh. 2011;10(3):365–72. [Google Scholar]

Rashidy-Pour A, Malek M, Eskandarian R, Ghorbani R. Epidemiology of smoking among adult women population of Semnan province, Iran. Koomesh. 2009;11(2):82–5. [Google Scholar]

Ardeshiri MJ, Moosazadeh M, Masouleh MF, Masouleh MF, Kiani A, Fakhri M. Prevalence of Smoking in 15–64 Years Old Population of North of Iran: Meta-Analysis of the Results of Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors Surveillance System. Acta Med Iran. 2013;51(7):494–500. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Haghdoost AA, Moosazadeh M. The prevalence of cigarette smoking among students of Iran’s universities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Res Med Sci. 2013;18:717–25. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Bonita R, de-Courten M, Dwyer T, Jamrozik K, Winkelmann R. Surveillance of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases: The WHO Stepwise approach. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. [Google Scholar]

Nasehi M, Moosazadeh M, Amiresmaeili M, parsaee M, Zakizadeh R, Mirzajani M. Prevalence of Five Main Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases in Mazandaran Province: A Population Based Study. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2012;21(86):193–202. [Google Scholar]

Robert NP. the Global Smoking Epidemic: A History and Status Report. Clin Lung Cancer. 2004;5(6):371–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Nasir K, Rehan N. Epidemiology of cigarette smoking in Pakistan. Addiction. 2001;96:1847–1854. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Youssef RM, Abou-Khatwa SA, Fouad HM. Prevalence of smoking and age of initiation in Alexandria, Egypt. East Mediterr Health J. 2002;8:626–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Memon A, Moody PM, Sugathan TN, El-Gerges N, Al-Bustan M, Al-Shatti A, et al. Epidemiology of smoking among Kuwaiti adults: prevalence, characteristics, and attitudes. Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78(11):1306–15. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Gallus S, Pacifici R, Colombo P, Scarpino V, Zuccaro P, Bosetti C, et al. Prevalence of smoking and attitude towards smoking regulation in Italy, 2004. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006;15:77–81. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cigarette smoking among adults-United states, 2007. MMWR, MorbWkly Rep. 2008;57:1221–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Moosazadeh M. Meta-analysis of prevalence of smoking in 15–64-year-old population of west of Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4:1108–14. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Johnson CA, Palmer HP, Chou CP, Pang Z, Zhou D, Dong L, et al. Tobacco use among youth and adults in Mainland China:The China Seven Cities Study. Public Health. 2006;120:1156–69. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Cho HJ, Song YM, Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Trends in socioeconomic differentials in cigarette smoking behaviour between 1990 and 1998: a large prospective study in Korean men. Public Health. 2004;118:553–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Nobile CGA, Trani F, Stasio SMD, Angelillo IF. Cigarette smoking and alcohol behaviour among adolescents in Italy. Public Health. 2006;120:942–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Published

2021-12-24