Effectiveness of neurofeedback training on verbal memory, visual memory and self-efficacy in students
Abstract
Background: Memory is the basis for the development of language skills and learning processes, and self-efficacy is one of the most important predictors of academic achievement. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of neurofeedback training (NFB) on verbal and visual memory and self-efficacy in students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (Rafsanjan, Iran). Twenty-six students without severe neuropsychological disorder, history of epilepsy and drug abuse were selected randomly and divided into two groups. First, the participants completed the Morgan-Jinks Student Efficacy Scale (MJSES) and then were assessed by Kim Karad Visual Memory Test (KKVMT) and Wechsler Memory Scale for verbal memory (WMSVM). The experimental group underwent 15 sessions of neurofeedback training (NFB) for increase in sensorimotor response (SMR) in central zero (Cz) and fronto-central zero (FCz) location at the psychology clinic Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Visual and verbal memory and self-efficacy were assessed by KKVMT, WMSVM and MJSES after completion of sessions and one month later. Posttest and follow-up of the control group were also carried out simultaneously with the experimental group. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 16, using descriptive statistical and repeated measures ANCOVA. The significance level of examining the hypotheses was set at p≤0.05. Results: The Mean±SD of verbal memory in the experimental group in pretest, posttest and follow-up was 20±1.9, 22.58±2.1, 22.41±2.06 respectively (p<0.001, Effect size= 0.53). There were significant changes in short-term (p=0.001, Effect size =0.41) and long-term (p=0.001, Effect size =0.42) visual memory. The changes of mid-term visual memory and self-efficacy in the experimental group were not significant (p=0.135, p=0.062). Conclusion: NFB is effective in improving verbal memory and some dimensions of visual memory. Further studies are needed to achieve better results.References
Kandel RE, James H, Thomas MJ. Principles of Neural Science. New York MCgraw-Hill Companies.
Pakatchi R, Yaryari F, Moradi A. The Effects of Teaching via Computer Games on the Performance of
Visual Memory for the Dyslexic Students. Journal of Exceptional Education. 2013; 6(119): 30-8.
Miotto EC, Balardin JB, Savage CR, Martin Mda G, Batistuzzo MC, Amaro Junior E, et al. Brain regions
supporting verbal memory improvement in healthy older subjects. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2014; 72(9): 663- 70. PMID: 25252229.
Solso R, MacLin OT, MacLin MK. Cognitive Psychology. 8th ed: Pearson; 2007.
Bandura A. Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001; 52: 1-26. doi:
1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1. PMID: 11148297.
Schunk DH. Goal Setting and Self-Efficacy During Self-Regulated Learning. Educational Psychologist.
; 25(1): 71-86. doi: 10.1207/s15326985ep2501_6.
Nosratabadi M. Examining the application of QEEG in neurofeedback diagnosis for treatment of ADHD.
Tehran: Allameh Tabataba’i University, Iran. 2006.
Wang JR, Hsieh S. Neurofeedback training improves attention and working memory performance. Clinical
neurophysiology: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2013;
(12): 2406-20. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.05.020. PMID: 23827814.
Datko M, Pineda J, Muller RA. Positive effects of neurofeedback on autism symptoms correlate with brain
activation during imitation and observation. The European journal of neuroscience. 2017.
Gunkelman JD, Johnstone J. Neurofeedback and the Brain. Journal of Adult Development. 2005; 12(2): 93- 8. doi: 10.1007/s10804-005-7024-x.
Gruzelier JH, Egner T, Valentine E, Williamon A. EComparing learned EEG self-regulation and the
Alexander technique as means of enhancing musical performance. 7th international conference on music
perception and cognition. Sydne, Adelaide 2002.
Demos JM. Getting started with Neurofeedback. US: W. W. Norton & Company. 2005.
Luctkar-Flude M, Groll D. A Systematic Review of the Safety and Effect of Neurofeedback on Fatigue and
Cognition. Integrative cancer therapies. 2015; 14(4): 318-40. doi: 10.1177/1534735415572886. PMID:
Monastra VJ, Monastra DM, George S. The effects of stimulant therapy, EEG biofeedback, and parenting
style on the primary symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Applied psychophysiology and
biofeedback. 2002; 27(4): 231-49. PMID: 12557451.
Escolano C, Aguilar M, Minguez J. EEG-based upper alpha neurofeedback training improves working
memory performance. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011; 2011: 2327-30. doi:
1109/IEMBS.2011.6090651. PMID: 22254807.
Xiong S, Cheng C, Wu X, Guo X, Yao L, Zhang J. Working memory training using EEG neurofeedback in
normal young adults. Bio-medical materials and engineering. 2014; 24(6): 3637-44. doi: 10.3233/BME- 141191. PMID: 25227078.
YuLeung To E, Abbott K, Foster DS, Helmer D. Working Memory and Neurofeedback. Applied
neuropsychology Child. 2016; 5(3): 214-22. doi: 10.1080/21622965.2016.1167500. PMID: 27191218.
Walker MP, Brakefield T, Morgan A, Hobson JA, Stickgold R. Practice with sleep makes perfect: sleep- dependent motor skill learning. Neuron. 2002; 35(1): 205-11. PMID: 12123620.
Beaudoin M, Desrichard O. Are memory self-efficacy and memory performance related? A meta-analysis.
Psychological bulletin. 2011; 137(2): 211-41. doi: 10.1037/a0022106. PMID: 21244133.
Hastings EC, West RL. Goal orientation and self-efficacy in relation to memory in adulthood.
Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2011; 18(4): 471-93. doi:
1080/13825585.2011.575926. PMID: 21728891, PMCID: PMC3132153.
Garmabi M, Adib-Sereshki N, Taheri M, Movallali G, Seyyed Noori SZ. The Effectiveness of Visual
Perception Skills Training on Short-Term Visual Memory of Children with Hearing Impairment. Quarterly
Journal of Child Mental Health. 2016; 3(1): 71-80.
Kajbaf MB, Lahijanian Z, Abedi A. A Comparison of Memory Profile in Normal Children and Children
with Learning Disabilities in Dictation, Mathematics and Reading. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2010;
(1): 17-5.
Jinks J, Morgan V. Children's Perceived Academic Self-Efficacy: An Inventory Scale. The Clearing House.
; 72(4): 224-30. doi: 10.1080/00098659909599398.
Gholizadeh Z, BabapourKheirodin J, Rostami R, Beyrami M, Poursharifi H. Effectiveness of
neurofeedback on working memory. Journal of Psychology of University of Tabriz. 2009; 5(18): 87-100.
Phillips LH, Channon S, Tunstall M, Hedenstrom A, Lyons K. The role of working memory in decoding
emotions. Emotion. 2008; 8(2): 184-91. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.184. PMID: 18410192.
Heydarinasab L, Madani AS, Yaghoubi H, Rostami R, Kazemi R. The effectiveness of neurofeedback with
computrized training in improving working memory in adults with attention deficit disorder/ hyperactivity.
scientific magazine yafte. 2016; 18(1): 101-12.
Alidusti Shahraki N, Asgari K. The Effectiveness of neurofeedback training on improvement of Working
Memory students with Dyslexia: A single case study. Journal of Shahrekord Uuniversity of Medical
Sciences. 2016; 18(1): 105-21.
Sarvghadi P, Angooti Oshnari L, Mirzakhay N, Akbarfahimi M, Rezaei M, Akbarzade Baghban A. The
effects of neurofeedback on verbal memory in women after breast cancer treatment. The Scientific Journal
of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2016. PMCID: PMC4898843.
Abedini Mazraeh S. Comparison of Active Memory Functions (Visual-Audio) in Normal and Short-lived
Children. Tehran: Islamic Azad University, Tehran branch. 2012.
Tajabadipour S, Sayed Mirzaee SZ. Relationship of the theory of mind with visual and auditory memory in
students with learning disabilities. JOIH. 2016; 18(1): 725-37.
Zare H, Ali-Pour A, Nazer M, Mokhtari MR. Study of Verbal and Visual Memory in Patients with
Schizophrenia Diagnosed According to the Prognosis and the Level of General Intelligence. Archives of
Rehabilitation. 2012; 13(3): 88-94.
Amiri M, Pourmoradkohan P, Farhadi nia H, Shahgholian M. The relationship between visual-spatial
memory with critical thinking disposition and attitude toward creativity Given the preference hemisphere,
Basis for the generalizability of the right hemisphere cognitive functions. Journal of Cognitive Psychology.
; 4(4): 31-40.
Sanada M, Ikeda K, Kimura K, Hasegawa T. Motivation enhances visual working memory capacity
through the modulation of central cognitive processes. Psychophysiology. 2013; 50(9): 864-71. doi:
1111/psyp.12077. PMID: 23834356.
Fatholahpour L, BabapourKheirodin J, Mahdavian H, BafandeGharamaleki H. Comparison of the
effectiveness of neurofeedback and Fernald’s multisensory approach on the intelligence of children
diagnosed with Dyslexia disorder. Learning disabilities. 2013; 2(4): 103-23.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 KNOWLEDGE KINGDOM PUBLISHING
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
