Contributing factors of obesity among stressed adolescents

Authors

  • Esra Tajik epartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti PutraMalaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia.

Keywords:

Stress, Obesity, Adolescent, Eating, Body Mass Index

Abstract

Introduction: Many adolescents suffer from common mental disorders such as stress, which affects health through the psychosocial process, eating behavior, food choices and physical activity. During adolescence, dietary patterns are formed and can affect the occurrence of diseases in later life. This is a review of the results in the pertinent literature, from 1989 until November 2013, concerning stress and the contributing factors that lead to obesity among adolescents. The aim of this review is to identify obesity among stressed adolescents as well as the contributing factors. 

Methods: A descriptive design was used for both quantitative and qualitative studies while, in addition, psychological theories were used for the qualitative studies. The articles were screened to ensure their quality and included in this review accordingly. Ten articles were included in the review comprising cross-sectional, cohort, review and meta-analysis. Interviews and questionnaires were used for data collection. 

Results: The literature provided obvious information focusing on emotional stress and obesity for both boys and girls. This review revealed that stress results in overweight and obesity among adolescents through changes in lifestyle including decreased physical activity and increased food intake. Gender and economic status are the main components that affect obesity in stressed adolescents. 

Conclusion: Obesity is a consequence of stress among adolescents and is exacerbated by the wrong eating attitude. Developing proper food choices among adolescents can help prevent obesity and other complications in adulthood

References

Sherwood L. Human physiology from cells to systems. 4th ed. Brooks/Cole; California: 2001. [Google Scholar]

Pervanidou P, Chrousos GP. Stress and obesity/metabolic syndrome in childhood and adolescence. Int J PediatrObes. 2011;6(Suppl 1):21–8. doi: 10.3109/17477166.2011.615996. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Jones TL. Definition of stress. In: Robert-McComb JJ, editor. Eating Disorders in Women and Children: Prevention, Stress Management, and Treatment. Boca Raton, FL: CRS Press; 2001. pp. 89–100. [Google Scholar]

Vriendt T, Moreno LA, De Henauw S. Chronic stress and obesity in adolescents: Scientific evidence and methodological issues for epidemiological research. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2009;19(7):511–519. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Epel E, Lapidus R, McEwen B, et al. Stress may add bite to appetite in women: a laboratory study of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2001;26:37–49. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Cavagnini F, Croci M, Putignano P, et al. Glucocorticoids and neuroendocrine function. International Journal of Obesity. 2000;24:S77–S79. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

World Health Organization Childhood overweight and obesity. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. 2013. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/

Freedman DS, Mei Z, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, Dietz WH. Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Pediatr. 2007;150(1):12–17. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Singh AS, Mulder C, Twisk JW, van Mechelen W, Chinapaw MJ. Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2008;9(5):474–488. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Bhatia V, Tandon RK. Stress and the gastrointestinal tract. J GastroenterolHepatol. 2005;20:332–339. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Hammer M, Stamatakis E. Inflammation as an intermediate pathway in the association between psychosocial stress and obesity. PhysiolBehav. 2008;94:536–539. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Gundersen C, Mahatmya D, Garasky S, Lohman B. Linking psychosocial stressors and childhood obesity. Obesity Reviews. 2011;12(5):54–e63. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, et al. Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in U.S. Adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A) Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2010;49(10):980–989. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Fan F, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Mo L, Liu X. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among adolescents following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2011;24(1):44–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Al-Gelban KS, Al-Amri HS, Mostafa OA. Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress as Measured by the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-42) among Secondary School Girls in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Sultan QaboosUniv Med J. 2009;9(2):140–147. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Swallen KC, Reither EN, Haas SA, Meier AM. Overweight, obesity, and health-related quality of life among adolescents: the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Pediatrics. 2005;115:340–347. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-0678. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of Obesity and Trends in Body Mass Index Among US Children and Adolescents, 1999–2010. JAMA. 2012;307(5):483–490. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.40. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

National Center for Health Statistics . Health, United States, 2011: With Special Features on Socioeconomic Status and Health. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2012. [Google Scholar]

Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, et al. Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007–2008. JAMA. 2010;303:242–249. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.2012. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Sorof JM, Lai D, Turner J, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ. Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children. Pediatrics. 2004;113:475–482. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Goran MI, Ball GD, Cruz ML. Obesity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Children and Adolescents. J ClinEndocrinolMetab. 2003;88:1417–1427. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Onyike CU, Crum RM, Lee HB, Lyketsos CG, Eaton WW. Is Obesity Associated with Major Depression? Results from the Third National, Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003;158(12):1139–1147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Roberts RE, Kaplan GA, Shema SJ, et al. Are the obese at greater risk for depression? Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:163–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Faubel M. Body image and depression in women with early and late onset obesity. J Psychol. 1989;123:385–95. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Hammerton G, Thapar A, Thapar AK. Association between obesity and depressive disorder in adolescents at high risk for depression. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013 doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.133. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Wardle J, Cooke L. The impact of obesity on psychological well-being. Best Pract Res ClinEndocrinolMetab. 2005;19(3):421–440. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Stunkard AJ, Faith MS, Allison KC. Depression and obesity. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:330–337. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00608-5. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Faith MS, Matz PE, Jorge MA. Obesity-depression associations in the population. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:935–942. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00308-2. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

da Costa BR, Cevallos M, Altman DG, Rutjes AWS, Egger M. Uses and misuses of the STROBE statement: bibliographic study. BMJ Open. 2011;1(1) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Dallman MF, Pecoraro N, Akana SF, et al. Chronic stress and obesity: A new view of “comfort food” Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003;100(20):11696–11701. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Wardle J, Gibson EL. Impact of stress on diet: process and implications. In: Stansfield S, Marmot M, editors. Stress and the heart Psychosocial pathways to coronary heart disease. BMJ Publishing Group; London: 2002. pp. 124–149. [Google Scholar]

Takeda E, Terao J, Nakaya Y, et al. Stress control and human nutrition. J Med Invest. 2004;51:139–145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Jaarsveld CHM, Fidler JA, Steptoe A, Boniface D, Wardle J. Perceived Stress and Weight Gain in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Analysis. Obesity. 2009;17(12):2155–2161. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Michaud C, Kahn JP, Musse N, Burlet C, Nicolas JP, Mejean L. Relationships between a critical life event and eating behaviour in high-school students. Stress Medicine. 1990;6(1):57–64. [Google Scholar]

Cartwright M, Wardle J, Steggles N, Simon AE, Croker H, Jarvis MJ. Stress and dietary practices in adolescents. Health Psychology. 2003;22(4):362–369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Sproesser G, Schupp HT, Renner B. The Bright Side of Stress-Induced Eating: Eating More When Stressed but Less When Pleased. Psychological Science. doi: 10.1177/0956797613494849. Published online, 28, 2013. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Oliver G, Wardle J, Gibson EL. Stress and Food Choice: A Laboratory Study. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2000;62(6):853–865. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Erickson SJ, Robinson TN, Haydel KF, Kil¬len JD. Are overweight children unhappy? Body mass index, depressive symptoms, and overweight concerns in elementary school children. Arch PediatrAdolesc Med. 2000;154(9):931–935. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Oliver G, Wardle J. Perceived Effects of Stress on Food Choice. Physiology & Behavior. 1999;66(3):511–515. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Young-Hyman D, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Yanovski SZ, et al. Psychological status and weight-related distress in overweight or at-risk-for-overweight children. Obesity. 2006;14(12):2249–2258. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Weinstein SE, Shide DJ, Rolls BJ. Changes in Food Intake in Response to Stress in Men and Women: Psychological Factors. Appetite. 1997;28:7–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Taylor SJC, Viner R, Booy R, et al. Ethnicity, socio-economic status, overweight and underweight in east London adolescents. Ethnicity and Health. 2005;10(2):113–128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Gortmaker SL, Must A, Perrin JM, Sobol AM, Dietz WH. Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescents and young adulthood. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;329(14):1008–1012. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Sinha R, Jastreboff AM. Stress as a Common Risk Factor for Obesity and Addiction. Biological Psychiatry. 2013;73(9):827–83. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Grunberg NE, Straub RO. The role of gender and taste class in the effects of stress on eating. Health Psychology. 1992;11(2):97–100. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Kumar S, Mahabalaraju KD, Anuroopa MS. Prevalence of obesity and its influencing factor among affluent school children of Devanagere City. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2007;32:15–7. [Google Scholar]

Matud MP. Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences. 2004;37(7):1401–1415. [Google Scholar]

Mehlum L. Alcohol and stress in Norwegian United Nations peacekeepers. Mil Med. 1999;164:720–724. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Kouvonen A, Kivimaki M, Cox SJ, Cox T, Vahtera J. Relationship between work stress and body mass index among 45,810 female and male employees. Psychosom Med. 2005;67:577–583. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Block JP, He Y, Zaslavsky AM, Ding L, Ayanian JZ. Psychosocial stress and change in weight among US adults. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009;170(2):181–192. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Moore CJ, Cunningham SA. Social Position, Psychological Stress, and Obesity: A Systematic Review. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2012;112(4):518–526. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Coccia C, Darling CA, Cui MRM, Sathe SK. Adolescent Health, Stress and Life Satisfaction: The Paradox of Indulgent Parenting. Stress and Health. 2012;28(3):211–221. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Torres SJ, Nowson CA. Relationship between stress, eating behavior, and obesity. Nutrition. 2007;23(11-12):887–894. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Zeigler-Johnson C, Weber A, Glanz K, Spangler E, Rebbeck TR. Gender- and ethnic-specific associations with obesity: individual and neighborhood-level factors. J Natl Med Assoc. 2013;105(2):173–82. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Zellner DA, Loaiza S, Gonzalez Z, Pita J, Morales J, Pecora D, Wolf A. Food selection changes under stress. Physiology & Behavior. 2006;87(4):789–793. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Ptacek JT, Smith RE, Dodge KL. Gender Differences in Coping with Stress: When Stressor and Appraisals Do Not Differ. PersSocPsychol Bull. 1994;20(4):421–430. [Google Scholar]

Gentry LA, Chung JJ, Aung N, Keller S, Heinrich KM, Maddock JE. Gender Differences in Stress and Coping among Adults living in Hawai‘i. Californian Journal of Health Promotion. 2007;75(2):89–102. [Google Scholar]

Sobal J, Stunkard AJ. Socioeconomic status and obesity: A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin. 1989;105(2):260–275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Janssen I, Boyce T, Simpson K, Pickett W. Influence of individual- and area-level measures of socioeconomic status on obesity, unhealthy eating, and physical inactivity in Canadian adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;83:139–145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Hanson MD, Chen E. Socioeconomic status and health behaviors in adolescence: a review of the literature. J Behav Med. 2007;30(3):263–85. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Published

2014-02-01