Antidiabetic bioactive compounds from plants
Type of article: Review
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a common and
widespread disease that affects citizens in developed and developing countries.
Diabetes is a disease that combines inherited and environmental causes that cause
high blood sugar levels known as hyperglycemia. Phytotherapy has achieved good
clinical practice and shows a bright future in the treatment of diabetes
mellitus. The purpose of this review was to provide information about the most
useful antidiabetic compounds from plants available through numerous literature
sources from various databases. Many researches confirmed the benefits of
phytoconstituants with antidiabetic effects in the management of diabetes
mellitus. Thus, drugs from plants may control all pathological aspects of
diabetes, either by increasing insulin production by the pancreas, helping to
lower the body's insulin requirements, or reducing gluconeogenesis in the
liver. The effect of these antidiabetic plants has been tested in vivo and in
vitro on rats, mice, rabbits and dogs. Very few have been tested on humans for
their effectiveness.
Keywords : Diabetesmellitus ;
phytochemicals ; glucose ; β-cells; insulin secretion; Metabolicdisorder.
Corresponding author: Missoun fatiha, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Api-Phytothérapy (LPAP), University
of Mostaganem, Algeria. Email: fatiha.missoun@univ-mosta.dz Tel: (00213)664981875
Received: March 22, 2018,
Accepted: Mai 27, 2018, English editing: June 3, 2018, Published: 27 June, 2018.
Screened by
iThenticate.©2017-2018 KNOWLEDGE KINGDOM PUBLISHING.
1. Introduction
Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by
hyperglycemia (high levels of glucose or sugar in the blood), abnormal
metabolism of proteins and lipids. Chronic metabolic imbalance caused by this
disease puts patients at high risk of long-term serious health problems,
especially cardiovascular problems [1], Diabetics are estimated to be more than
347 million people worldwide and is expected to become the 7th leading cause of
death by 2030(WHO, Diabetes Program. http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/ (2012)).
There are two
types of diabetes mellitus: Insulin-dependent diabetes or type I diabetes,
non-insulin-dependent diabetes or type II diabetes. In Type I diabetes or
juvenile diabetes, pancreatic beta cells produce very little or no insulin
because of an autoimmune reaction that destroys them partially or completely,
and is known to affect only 10% of the diabetic population. The Type II, is a
complex endocrine and metabolic disorder which is non-insulin dependent,
characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. This disease usually occurs in older
adults and affects more the obese or overweight people [2, 3]. No treatment can
cure diabetes permanently. Antidiabetic medications, all of which have the
effect of lowering blood glucose or helping to control it by reducing insulin
resistance, or increasing insulin secreted by the pancreas by different mechanisms
[4].
The outlook for diabetic patients today are much
better than before because of the development of different types of
antidiabetic drugs. Plants are a good source of new bioactive molecules. Many
phytochemicals with antidiabetic effects have been isolated from plants but
hypoglycemic activity mechanisms of these plants are still in progress [5].
The purpose of this review is to provide an overview
of the efficacy of some phytochemicals used to treat diabetes. Scientific
research on natural compounds from plants for diabetes may provide valuable
leads for the development of alternative medicines and therapeutic strategies.
2. Methods
Information about phytochemicals and medicinal plants
traditionally used to treat diabetes cited in this review were obtained from
more than 500 published papers and ethnobotanical studies. The search was
carried out on different databases including Science Direct, Springer, Scopus,
PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar using “Diabetes mellitus”,
“antidiabetic medicinal plants”, “hypoglycemic plants” “phytoconstituents” and”
phytochemicals for diabetes management” as keys words. Data were collected from
2013 to 2016.English and French languages were used in this research.
Experimental research and clinical trials that evaluate the effect of the
bioactive component in diabetic animals or patients have been included in this
research. The importance of phytochemicals has been materialized by their usual
value. On this basis, some drugs have proven to be more important than others
(table 1).
3. Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated
with several complications of the microvascular and macro vascular type. These
complications result from several factors but mostly from chronic hyperglycemia
in diabetics. Microvascular complications include retinopathy, nephropathy and
neuropathy [6]. Macro vascular complications are the most dangerous and often
the cause of mortality in diabetics. They include stroke, peripheral vascular
complications and myocardial infarction [7]. Oxidative stress characterized by
excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in
antioxidant substances. This oxidative stress is involved in the occurrence of
chronic complications related to diabetes [8].
4. Antidiabetic drugs
Antidiabetic drugs aim to control hyperglycemia and
relieve symptoms of diabetes, such as polyuria, thirst, ketoacidosis and weight
loss. Their action is to reduce blood sugar; they are indicated when the
patient has not been able to reduce his blood sugar despite the adoption of a
suitable diet, the practice of physical activity and the reduction of risk
factors (alcoholism, smoking). The choice of treatment depends on the type of
diabetes. For Type I diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, insulin is the
only choice of treatment; injected insulin acts in the same way as endogenous
insulin.
As for Type 2 Diabetes, the treatment consists of the
implementation of hygienic and dietary measures and a pharmacological treatment
with oral antidiabetic agents. The first-line therapeutic strategy consists of
monotherapy, then if necessary dual therapy or tritherapies may be proposed.
After failure of oral polytherapy, the use of insulin will be necessary. These
medications either make the pancreas produce more insulin, decrease the
absorption of the glucose, help reduce insulin requirements by the body or
reduce gluconeogenesis by the liver.
Currently, six classes of oral antidiabetic drugs are
available: biguanides, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones,
dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, and α-glucosidase inhibitors.
4.1. Biguanides
Biguanides are
derivatives of guanidine, a drug produce by Galega officinalis (lilac of
Spain), a plant used from the Middle Ages for its "antidiabetic
virtues". The hypoglycemic effect of guanidine was discovered in 1918.
Later on, in 1957 metformin named Glucophage or glucose eater was studied in
several trials in Paris and showed to lower blood sugar in type 2 diabetics [9].
Now Metformin is the first-choice treatment for obese patients with type 2
diabetes. The atherosclerotic and cardio protective effects of the drug have
been confirmed in prospective and retrospective studies. It is a drug with a
very low taste, ideal for all patients and in epidemic progression in emerging
countries with low resources. Its main site of action is the liver. Metformin
reduces glucose production by lowering gluconeogenesis with the activation of adenosine
monophosphate-activated protein kinase in the liver [10,11].
4.2. Sulfonylureas
Sulfonylureas are
a class of organic
compounds used in medicine as antibacterial, antidiabetic and diuretics and
also in agriculture. In 1937, began the history of sulfonylureas (SU) with the
observation of the antidiabetic effect of synthetic sulfur compounds [12]. Hypoglycemic
sulphonamides, or sulphonylureas, stimulate the secretion of insulin by the
pancreatic beta cells in sensitizing them to the action of glucose [13].
4.3. Meglitinides
Repaglinide and
nateglinide are non-sulfonylurea. They act by stimulating the secretion of
insulin by ß-pancreatic cells (secretagogue) with the same mechanism of action
as sulphonylureas hypoglycemic (inhibition of potassium channels of ß-pancreatic
cells) [14].
4.4. Thiazolidinediones
Thiazolidinediones
also known as glitazones, contain a functional group in which thiazolidine serves as a dione. They are insulin sensitizers. Glitazones bind and activate a
transcription factor called PPAR (Peroxisosme Proliferator-Activated Receptor) and
thus inhibiting the secretion of resistingprotein. They have many direct
effects on the cardiovascular system. The question of a possible
atheroprotective mechanism is currently much debated [15].
4.5. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors:
In 1967, Dipeptidyl
peptidase IV inhibitors were discovered; serine protease DPP-4 has been a
popular subject of research. They inhibit the enzyme dipeptidyl
peptidase-4 (DPP-4) [16] which results in an increase of the sensitivity
of the beta and alphapancreatic cells to glucose leading to a stimulation of
insulin secretion and inhibition of secretion of glucagon only in the presence
of a hyperglycemia [17].
4.6. α-glucosidase inhibitors
The
alpha-glucosidases are competitive enzymes necessary to hydrolyze oligo- and
polysaccharides into monosaccharides to allow their absorption. α-glucosidases inhibitorsslow
the absorption of carbohydrates, reducing hyperglycemia and postprandial
hyperinsulinemia [18]. Actually these drugs are not widely used because of
their need for multiple daily doses, their modest impact, and their
gastrointestinal (GI) side effects [19].
5. Antidiabetic phytochemicals
Plants are
composed entirely of chemicals of various kinds of drugs [20]. One of the
remarkable applications of phytotherapy is the use of phytoconstituents for the
treatment of diabetes. This practice has fascinated researchers to undertake
experiments to study the mechanism of action of these natural remedies and to
identify their antidiabetic compounds. Marles and Farnsworth also found that
among these plants used traditionally for the treatment of diabetes mellitus,
there are those who have been tested experimentally, and 81% of them showed
positive results, which led themto find that these natural remedies represent a
potential source for new antidiabetic drugs [21].
In Africa, 185
species are currently used by the population against the diabetes mellitus. On
the other hand, in the western region of Algeria, Azziet all identified 60
species, which belong to 32 families. The most cited plants are:
Trigonellafoenum-graecum, Rosmarinusofficinalis, Citrullus colocynthis,
Tetraclinisarticulata, Artemesiaherbaalba, Origanum compactum, Punicagranatum, Zygophyllum
album and Artemisia absinthium [22]. According to Azziet all, the frequent use
of these plants, can be explained by their low cost, their availability but
also by their efficiency. Ethnobotanical studies report a large number of
phytoconstituents that may possess antidiabetic potential, due to the high cost
and low availability of current therapies for many rural populations and their minimal
side effects. Thus, the management of diabetes without any side effect of oral
antidiabetics is still a major challenge. Here is a list of
antidiabetic compounds most commonly used in modern folkloric medicine.
5.1. Allicin
Allicin is
an organosulfur compound found in large quantities in garlic (Allium
sativum) and onions (Allium cepa), a species in the family Alliaceae. The
allicin molecule is very volatile and has a very short life. It has
antimicrobial, antiparasitic and antifungal activities [23], antitumor and
antigenotoxic [24]. Allicin hasinhibitory immunomodulatory action [25]. Garlic
has a hypoglycemic effect in streptozotocin- as well as alloxan-induced
diabetes mellitus in rats and mice [26]. The rapid action of allicin on blood
glucose levels appears to be due to an increase in insulin secretion by beta
cells of the pancreas. The continuity and increase of its effect over time
would indicate a decline in insulin resistance that has been demonstrated in
animals. This potential effect on insulin resistance looks promising but will
need to be verified in other studies [27].
5.2 .Bakuchiol
Bakuchiol is a
polyphenol compound in the class terpenophenol. It is found in Psoraleacorylifolia and in Otholobiumpubescens [28]. Oral
administration of Psoraleacorylifolia extract reduces glucose levels in
streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and increased serum insulin levels [29].
5.3. Bassic acid
Bassic acid was
found in Bumeliasartorum rootbark. Bassic acid caused significant reduction of
glucose levels in alloxan-diabetic rats. In addition, it significantly
increased the process of glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in the isolated
rat diaphragm. Basic acid also
increases insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells [30].
5.4. Berberine
Berberine is
an alkaloid found in such plants as Berberis
vulgaris (barberry), Berberis aristata (tree
turmeric), Mahonia aquifolium (Oregon grape), which has been used for
the treatment of diabetes for thousands of years [31]. Berberine stimulates
liver cells, muscle cells and fat cells to absorb glucose through a process
that is not dependent on insulin. This function seems to be similar to that of
metformin. The activity of berberine increases considerably, when insulin is
present. Berberine also helps reduce fat. It can reduce the accumulation of
abdominal fat. It seems to perform this activity by decreasing the activity of
certain genes that work to form and store more fat [32,33,34,35,36]. Berberine
also inhibits α-glucosidases, an intestinal enzyme. This action causes the
intestines to absorb lesser amounts of carbohydrates from the diet, thus
leading to low levels of blood sugar after meals [37,38].
5.5. Caffeine
Caffeine is an
alkaloid found in both leaves and grains of coffee (Coffea arabica, Coffea canefora),
tea (Camellia sinensis), cola Colanitida and mate (Ilex paraguariensis) plants
[39]. Several epidemiologic researches show that habitual use of caffeine or
coffee may help maintain normal glucose tolerance and improve insulin
sensitivity [40,41,42]. Caffeine decreases glucose and stimulates insulin
secretion in vitro and increases glucose uptake in human skeletal
muscle cells [43].
5.6. Catharantine and vindoline
Catharantine and
vindoline are alkaloids produced by the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus L (Apocynaceae). A decoction of all parts of
Catharanthus roseus is well known as an oral hypoglycemic agent. These phytoconstituents
show hypoglycemic effect in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat
models. Vindoline, vindolinine and catharanthine, lower blood glucose levels in
normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits [44,45].
5.7. Charantin
Charantin is
steroidal glycoside, found in the fruits of Momordica charantia. Many
researchers have reported that charantin is more effective than the oral
hypoglycemic agent tolbutamide [46]. It has got hypoglycemic property
equivalent to insulin [47].
5.8. Cinnamaldehyde
Cinnamaldehyde
is a flavonoid with the formula C6H5CH=CHCHO, found in Cinnamon and
gives its flavor and odor [48]. In the liver,
cinnamaldehyde is metabolized into cinnamic acid before it is absorbed into the
blood in rats [49]. Cinnamic acid may beresponsible for hypoglycemic activity
of cinnamon. Rahman et all (2015) [50] reported that cinnamic acid exerts
antidiabetic activity by increasing glucose uptake and improving insulin
sensitivity in adipose and skeletal tissues, thereby improving glycogen
synthesis in the liver. Cinnamic compounds have been reported as inhibitors of
α-glucosidases [51].
4.9. Curcumin
Curcumin,
bioactive compounds of turmeric, produced by Curcuma longa, a member of the
ginger family (Zingiberaceae), is grown throughout Asia, but also in tropical Africa
and the West Indies [52]. Human clinical research in diabetic and pre-diabetic
patients revealed that curcumin lower serum glucose levels improving the
function of pancreatic cells and the oxidation of fatty acids and their use
[53]. Articles on animal research reported that curcumin could improve the type
2 diabetic state by the stimulation of increased glucose uptake, increased
activation of AMP kinase, suppression of the inflammatory state induced by
hyperglycemia and stimulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic tissue [54].
5.10. D-pinitol(3-O-methyl-chiroinositol)
D-pinitol, was
first identified in the sugar pine Pinus lambertiana [55]. Analogue of
D-chiroinositol, obtained in the body by hydrolysis of the lipids of type GPI
(glycosylphosphatidylinositol) of the cell membrane, would be a mediator of the
action of insulin. It would play a secondary messenger role in translating the
insulin signal. It is a possible and potential role of soluble mediator of the
action of insulin [56].
5.11. Emodin
Emodin is
an anthraquinone is a major active component produced by Aloe vera, Emodin
has recently been reported to improving insulin sensitivity, lower serum
glucose levels, and reverse other symptoms linked to obesity and
obesity-related metabolic diseases [57].
5.12. Gingerol
Gingerol is a
phenolic compound found in ginger (Zingiberofficinale) a medicinal plant having
anti-nausea, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. Many studies have
reported that administration of 1,600 to 3,000 mg of ginger powder daily for 8
to 12 weeks reduced fasting serum glucose levels and HbA1c levels in type 2
diabetics., The 6-gingerol may be the responsible for the hyperglycemic effect.
The mechanism by which gingerol improves glucose tolerance remains uncertain
[58,59].
5.13. Ginsenosides
Ginsenosides are
ginseng saponins and are found almost exclusively in the plant
genus Panax (ginseng). These active substances are recognized as
neuroprotectives, antioxidants and effective stimulants of the immune system [60].
Many studies reported that ginseng helps to control blood glucose levels but do
not solve the problem–no pancreatic β-cell function. Ginsenosides have significant
hypoglycemic activity and anti-obesity properties, improve muscle metabolism
and reduce inflammation through increase C-reactive protein levels in a
diabetic mouse model [61].
5.14. Glycyrrhizin
Glycyrrhizin is
extracted from the root of licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra. The natural licorice
juice contains 5 to 20%. It is a glycoside known primarily for its sweet flavor,
hence its use as a sweetener. Studies in mice have shown that glycyrrhizin not
only reduces blood sugar levels but also acts as an anti-inflammatory. It
offers other therapeutic benefits since it can also preventsteatos is an
accumulation of fat called triglyceride in liver cells [62].
5.15. Gymnemic acids, gymnemagenin, gymnestrogenin
Gymnemic acids,
gymnemagenin, gymnestrogeninare a mixture of glycosides isolated from the
leaves of Gymnemasylvestre (Asclepiadaceae) which has the property of masking
the sweet taste. The plant exhibits an effective natural remedy for diabetes.
It increases the insulin producing beta-cells of pancreas and significantly
reduces the metabolic effects of sugar [63, 64].
5.16. Inulin
Inulins are
polysaccharides produced naturally by many types of plants such as onions,
garlic, chicory root, banana and wheat. They belong to a class of dietary fiber
called fructans [65]. Digestion does not convert inulin into monosaccharide, it
does not raise blood glucose and is useful in the management of diabetes [66].
Inulin exerts a hypoglycemic effect that is not accompanied by a change in
insulin levels, suggesting an improvement in insulin sensitivity; this effect
could be explained in part by the decrease in disaccharidases activity [67, 68].
5.17. Isoorientin
Isoorientin is
a flavone, a chemical flavonoid. It is the luteolin-6-C-glycoside. It can
be isolated from Gentianaolivieri, Vitex egundo, Terminalia
myriocarpa, and Swertia
japonica. It was shown to reduce plasmatic glucose, cholesterol, and
triglyceride concentrations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [69]. The
mechanisms mediating the antidiabetic properties of ISO are still unknown
although results obtained with animal models and clinical trials rule out the
possibility that these properties may be due to insulin-secreting effects or
modulation of the intestinal absorption of glucose [70].
5.18. Kaempferol-3-neohesperidoside
Kaempferol-3-neohesperidoside
is a bitter-tasting flavonoid glycoside. It can be found in Cyatheaphalerata Mart. It exhibits
an insulin-like activity and is thus potential “insulin mimetic [71].
5.19. Mahanimbine
Mahanimbine is a
carbazole alkaloid found in leaves, stem bark and Murrayakoenigiiroot, family Rutaceae
[72].
The hypoglycemic
effect of mahanimbinemay be due to potentiating of insulin effect either by
increasing the pancreatic secretion of insulin from beta cells or by increasing
the peripheral glucose uptake [73].
5.20. Momordicine I, Momordicine II
MomordicineI, MomordicineII
were isolated from Momordica charantia. Both compounds showed significant
insulin releasing activity in MIN6 β-cells at concentration of 10 and 25 µg/Ml [74].
5.21. Naringin
The naringin
is a flavonoid found naturally in citrus fruits. Naringenin has
hypoglycemic activity by inhibitingα-glucosidases and thus suppressing
carbohydrate absorption from the intestine, thereby increasing the blood
glucose levels [75].
5.22. Oleanolic acid
Oleanolic
acid is a pentacyclic triterpenes especially isolated from the olive
leaf. Oleanolic acid is relatively non-toxic, has various pharmacological
properties, such as hepatoprotective and anti-tumor effects [76]. Oleanolic
acid inhibits α-glucosidases in vitro, improves the insulin response,
reverse the functionality and survival of β cells and protects against diabetes
complications [77,78].
5.23. Polypeptide-p
The p-polypeptide
was isolated from Momordica charantia (The bitter melon) is one of the most
commonly used vegetables to control diabetes. Trigonellafoenumgraecum is the
second source containing the P-polypeptide [79]. The Polypeptide-p is an
insulin-like hypoglycemic protein that reduces blood glucose levels in humans
when injected subcutaneously [80]. P-insulin works by mimicking the action of
human insulin in the body and can therefore be used as a substitute for herbal
insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes.
5.24. Quercetin
Quercetin is
flavonoids, found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, and grains [81].
Authors have shown a role for quercetin in the regulation of hepatic gene expression
and lipid metabolism. The antidiabetic qualities of quercetin involve the
stimulation of glucose uptake through an MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein
Kinase) insulin-dependent [82] mechanism. Quercetin has shown to help decrease
the seriousness of numbness, jolting pain, and irritation for patients with
type 2 diabetes neuropathy. It has further been shown that active treatment
with quercetin can improve various quality-of-life matrices [83].
5.25. Shikonin
Shikonin is a
major red naphthoquinone pigment that can be isolated from the root
of Lithospermumerythrorhizon [84]. Numerous studies have demonstrated
that shikonin has a variety of clinical effects, including antimicrobial
effects [85] antioxidant effects [86] and proliferative effects in wound healing
[87]. It is an anti-allergenic agent [88] and has anti-cancer effects [89,90].
Shikonin increases glucose absorption in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells, primary rat
adipocytes and cardiomyocytes by increasing both insulin signaling and
increasing glucose uptake by itself, and by inhibiting fat accumulation in
3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mechanisms by which shikonin increases glucose uptake in
adipocytes are not fully understood [91].
5.26. Steviol
Steviol is
a diterpene first was found in the plant Stevia
rebaudiana in 1931. Steviol occurs in the plant as steviol glycosides. It has an intensely sweet flavor [92]. Results
suggest that stevioside and related compounds affect plasma glucose-mediated
insulin secretion and sensitivity, which enhance glucose removal from plasma [93].
Stevioside also inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver of diabetic rats [94].
5.27. Trans-dehydrocrotonin
Trans-Dehydrocrotonin,
is a diterpene found in the bark of Croton cajucaraBenth (Euphorbiaceae).
Previous studies have shown significant hypoglycemic activity in
alloxan-induced diabetic rats but not in normal rats at oral doses of 25 and 50
mg / kg body weight. This compounds also effectively decreased blood sugar
levels in normal glucose-fed rats [95].
5.28. Trigonelline
Trigonelline
originally extracted from the seeds of Trigonellafoenumgraecum (Fenugreek a
member of family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) is a commonly used spice in India,
Middle East, Egypt, and NorthAfrica [96]. Earlier reports indicate that
trigonelline reduces blood glucose concentrations in ratsand in human [97]. Trigonelline
protects ß-cells of the pancreas and increases insulin sensitivity index as
well as insulin content [98].
Table 1 Antidiabetic
drugs isolated from antidiabetic plants
|
Compounds |
Plants |
References |
|
Allicin |
Allium sativum ; Allium cepa |
[26,27] |
|
Bakuchiol |
Psoralea corylifolia ; Otholobium
pubescens |
[29] |
|
Bassic acid |
Bumelia sartorum |
[30] |
|
Berberine |
Berberis vulgaris ; Berberis aristata |
[32,33,34,35,36] |
|
Caffeine |
Coffea L |
[40,41,42,43] |
|
Catharantine and
vindoline |
Catharanthus roseus L |
[44,45] |
|
Charantin |
Momordica charantia |
[46,47] |
|
Cinnamaldehyde |
Cinnamomum |
[49,50,51] |
|
Curcumin |
Curcuma longa |
[53,54] |
|
D-pinitol
(3-O-methyl-chiroinositol) |
Pinus lambertiana |
[55,56] |
|
Emodin |
Aloe vera |
[57] |
|
Gingerol |
Zingiber officinale |
[58,59] |
|
Ginsenosides |
Panax ginseng |
[60,61] |
|
Glycyrrhizin |
Glycyrrhiza glabra |
[62] |
|
Gymnemic acids, gymnemagenin,
gymnestrogenin |
Gymnema sylvestre |
[63,64] |
|
Inulin |
Allium sativum; Allium
cepa |
[67,68] |
|
Isoorientin |
Gentiana
olivieri; Vitex egundo |
[70] |
|
Kaempferol-3-neohesperidoside |
Cyathea phalerata |
[71] |
|
Mahanimbine |
Murraya koenigii |
[73] |
|
Momordicine I , Momordicine II |
Momordica
charantia |
[74] |
|
Naringin |
Citrus fruits |
[75] |
|
Oleanolic
acid |
Olea europaea |
[77,78] |
|
Polypeptide-p |
Momordica
charantia; Trigonella foenumgraecum |
[80] |
|
Quercetin |
Allium cepa;Malus
pumila ; Citrus fruits |
[82,83] |
|
Shikonin |
Lithospermum
erythrorhizon |
[89,90,91] |
|
Steviol |
Stevia rebaudiana |
[93,94] |
|
Trans-dehydrocrotonin |
Croton cajucara |
[95] |
|
Trigonelline |
Trigonella
foenumgraecum |
[96,97,98] |
6. Conclusion
This review adds
more data to those previously published researches by other authors, as there
are many plants, which have hypoglycemic effects. Several reviews have collectively
described the anti-diabetic and hypo-lipidemic properties of many natural
products, although in many cases the components and cellular mechanisms
responsible for the bioactivity have not been elucidated. In this research, rat
and mice are the most common animals model used to investigate the Antidiabetic
bioactive compounds from plants. There is an urgent need to document
traditional knowledge, as the current rate of urbanization can lead to the
permanent loss of this valuable knowledge. Phytoconstituents can be used as
alternatives to antidiabetic drugs in diabetes medications because they have no
proven side effects and may help reduce the costs associated with treatment of
diabetes mellitus. More researches are needed in order to extract and separate
the antidiabetic components from plants and molecular interactions of their
compounds to investigate their cellular mechanism and their toxicity.
7. Funding
Organizations that have funded this
research: none.
8. Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that they have no
conflict of interest.
9. Authors’ biography
No Biography
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