Technological advances: what hope for colorectal cancer?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26415/2572-004X-vol3iss1p347-362Keywords:
colorectal cancers; screening; optical colonoscopy; virtual colonoscopy.Abstract
Introduction: Colorectal cancers rank third in all cancers. Mass screening has proven effectiveness by significantly reducing incidence and mortality. If optical colonoscopy is the reference exam, virtual colonoscopy is an alternative of choice. We evaluate its first-line position in screening, following technological progress.
Methods: We used PubMed's electronic search data from 2010. Among the 100 most consulted articles, have been studied those in English-language and which looked at screening in the population at average risk aged between 50 and 75 years , asymptomatic and dealing with optical and virtual colonoscopy. Studies in the symptomatic, high-risk, or very high-risk population or for diagnostic purposes were excluded.
Results: in the USA, studies confirm the trend towards a decrease in incidence and mortality by colorectal cancers, shifting from 56.7 per 100,000 and 23.6 deaths respectively in 1992 to 36.5 per 100,000 and 14 deaths in 2015, thanks to the means of screening including the endoscopy. Although optical colonoscopy is the standard exam, virtual colonoscopy, with a specificity of 90% and a sensitivity of 85%, is becoming more and more a first-line means of screening for colorectal cancers.
Conclusion: Thus, first-line endoscopic screening has proved its effectiveness in reducing morbidity and mortality by this cancer. However, the virtual endoscopy chosen by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network as a means of screening will undoubtedly constitute a strategy for the future, particularly in developing countries.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Corrêa., R.d.S., et al., Rectal cancer survival in a Brazilian Cancer Reference Unit. JCOL, 2016. 36(4): p. 203-207.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcol.2016.04.015
2. Organization., W.H., International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Available at: http://www-dep.iarc.fr/ Accessed December 3, 2011, 2011.
3. Jasperson, K.W., et al., Hereditary and familial colon cancer. Gastroenterology, 2010. 138(6): p. 2044-58. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.054 PMid:20420945 PMCid:PMC3057468
4. Markowitz, S.D. and M.M. Bertagnolli, Molecular origins of cancer: Molecular basis of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med, 2009. 361(25): p. 2449-60. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0804588 PMid:20018966 PMCid:PMC2843693
5. [Consensus conference: Prevention Screening and Management of the Colonic Cancers. Paris, France, January 29-30, 1998. Proceedings]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 1998. 22(3 Suppl): p. S1-295.
6. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN guidelines): colorectal cancer screening.2016.
7. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN guidelines): colorectal cancer screening.2018.
8. Levin, B., et al., Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology, 2008. 134(5): p. 1570-95. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.002 PMid:18384785
9. Moore, J.S. and T.H. Aulet, Colorectal Cancer Screening. Surg Clin North Am, 2017. 97(3): p. 487-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.01.001 PMid:28501242
10. Bibbins-Domingo, K., et al., Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 2016. 315(23): p. 2564-2575. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.5989 PMid:27304597
11. Winawer, S.J., et al., Risk of colorectal cancer in the families of patients with adenomatous polyps. National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med, 1996. 334(2): p. 82-7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199601113340204 PMid:8531963
12. Eaden, J.A., K.R. Abrams, and J.F. Mayberry, The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut, 2001. 48(4): p. 526-35. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.48.4.526 PMid:11247898 PMCid:PMC1728259
13. Farraye, F.A., et al., AGA medical position statement on the diagnosis and management of colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 2010. 138(2): p. 738-45. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.035 PMid:20141808
14. Tsaitas, C., A. Semertzidou, and E. Sinakos, Update on inflammatory bowel disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. World J Hepatol, 2014. 6(4): p. 178-87. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v6.i4.178 PMid:24799986 PMCid:PMC4009473
15. Wang, R. and R.W. Leong, Primary sclerosing cholangitis as an independent risk factor for colorectal cancer in the context of inflammatory bowel disease: a review of the literature. World J Gastroenterol, 2014. 20(27): p. 8783-9.
16. Wells, K. and P.E. Wise, Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes. Surg Clin North Am, 2017. 97(3): p. 605-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.01.009 PMid:28501250
17. Lauby-Secretan, B., et al., The IARC Perspective on Colorectal Cancer Screening. N Engl J Med, 2018. 378(18): p. 1734-1740. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr1714643 PMid:29580179
18. Pox, C.P., Controversies in colorectal cancer screening. Digestion, 2014. 89(4): p. 274-81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000363287 PMid:25034478
19. Mohammed, M.F., et al., Trends in CT colonography: bibliometric analysis of the 100 most-cited articles. Br J Radiol, 2017. 90(1080): p. 20160755. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20160755
20. Lin, J.S., et al., Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 2016. 315(23): p. 2576-94. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.3332 PMid:27305422
21. Cancer Stat Facts: Colorectal Cancer. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html, 2018.
22. Winawer, S.J., et al., Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. The National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med, 1993. 329(27): p. 1977-81. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199312303292701 PMid:8247072
23. Nishihara, R., et al., Long-term colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality after lower endoscopy. N Engl J Med, 2013. 369(12): p. 1095-105. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1301969 PMid:24047059 PMCid:PMC3840160
24. Shaukat, A., et al., Long-term mortality after screening for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med, 2013. 369(12): p. 1106-14. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1300720 PMid:24047060
25. Longcroft-Wheaton, G., et al., High-definition vs. standard-definition colonoscopy in the characterization of small colonic polyps: results from a randomized trial. Endoscopy, 2012. 44(10): p. 905-10. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1310004 PMid:22893132
26. Pellise, M., et al., Impact of wide-angle, high-definition endoscopy in the diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology, 2008. 135(4): p. 1062-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.06.090 PMid:18725223
27. Rastogi, A., et al., Randomized, controlled trial of standard-definition white-light, high-definition white-light, and narrow-band imaging colonoscopy for the detection of colon polyps and prediction of polyp histology. Gastrointest Endosc, 2011. 74(3): p. 593-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2011.04.050 PMid:21802078
28. Subramanian, V., et al., High definition colonoscopy vs. standard video endoscopy for the detection of colonic polyps: a meta-analysis. Endoscopy, 2011. 43(6): p. 499-505. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1256207 PMid:21360420
29. Gralnek, I.M., et al., Standard forward-viewing colonoscopy versus full-spectrum endoscopy: an international, multicentre, randomised, tandem colonoscopy trial. Lancet Oncol, 2014. 15(3): p. 353-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70020-8
30. Adler, A., et al., Latest generation, wide-angle, high-definition colonoscopes increase adenoma detection rate. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012. 10(2): p. 155-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2011.10.026 PMid:22056301
31. Papanikolaou, I.S., et al., Lower adenoma miss rate with FUSE vs. conventional colonoscopy with proximal retroflexion: a randomized back-to-back trial. Endoscopy, 2017. 49(5): p. 468-475. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-124415 PMid:28107765
32. Rex, D.K. and M. Khashab, Colonoscopic polypectomy in retroflexion. Gastrointest Endosc, 2006. 63(1): p. 144-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2005.09.016 PMid:16377332
33. Pidala, M.J. and M.V. Cusick, The Difficult Colorectal Polyp. Surg Clin North Am, 2017. 97(3): p. 515-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.01.003 PMid:28501244
34. Morson, B., President's address. The polyp-cancer sequence in the large bowel. Proc R Soc Med, 1974. 67(6 Pt 1): p. 451-7.
35. Eide, T.J., Natural history of adenomas. World J Surg, 1991. 15(1): p. 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01658952 PMid:1994603
36. Takayama, T., et al., Aberrant crypt foci of the colon as precursors of adenoma and cancer. N Engl J Med, 1998. 339(18): p. 1277-84. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199810293391803 PMid:9791143
37. Rex, D.K., et al., Serrated lesions of the colorectum: review and recommendations from an expert panel. Am J Gastroenterol, 2012. 107(9): p. 1315-29; quiz 1314, 1330.
38. Hassan, C., P.J. Pickhardt, and D.K. Rex, A resect and discard strategy would improve cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010. 8(10): p. 865-9, 869 e1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2010.05.018
39. Ignjatovic, A., et al., Optical diagnosis of small colorectal polyps at routine colonoscopy (Detect InSpect ChAracterise Resect and Discard; DISCARD trial): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol, 2009. 10(12): p. 1171-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70329-8
40. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., Low rates of cancer or high-grade dysplasia in colorectal polyps collected from computed tomography colonography screening. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010. 8(7): p. 610-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2010.03.007 PMid:20304097
41. Eisen, G.M., et al., High-resolution chromoendoscopy for classifying colonic polyps: a multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc, 2002. 55(6): p. 687-94. https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2002.123619 PMid:11979251
42. Machida, H., et al., Narrow-band imaging in the diagnosis of colorectal mucosal lesions: a pilot study. Endoscopy, 2004. 36(12): p. 1094-8. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-826040 PMid:15578301
43. Singh, R., et al., Narrow-band imaging with dual focus magnification in differentiating colorectal neoplasia. Dig Endosc, 2013. 25 Suppl 2: p. 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12075
44. Sano, Y., et al., Narrow-band imaging (NBI) magnifying endoscopic classification of colorectal tumors proposed by the Japan NBI Expert Team. Dig Endosc, 2016. 28(5): p. 526-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12644 PMid:26927367
45. Kaminski, M.F., et al., Advanced imaging for detection and differentiation of colorectal neoplasia: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy, 2014. 46(5): p. 435-49. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1365348 PMid:24639382
46. Rastogi, A., et al., High accuracy of narrow band imaging without magnification for the real-time characterization of polyp histology and its comparison with high-definition white light colonoscopy: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol, 2009. 104(10): p. 2422-30. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.403 PMid:19584829
47. Rex, D.K., et al., The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy PIVI (Preservation and Incorporation of Valuable Endoscopic Innovations) on real-time endoscopic assessment of the histology of diminutive colorectal polyps. Gastrointest Endosc, 2011. 73(3): p. 419-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2011.01.023 PMid:21353837
48. Wanders, L.K., et al., Diagnostic performance of narrowed spectrum endoscopy, autofluorescence imaging, and confocal laser endomicroscopy for optical diagnosis of colonic polyps: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol, 2013. 14(13): p. 1337-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70509-6
49. Shahid, M.W., et al., Diagnostic accuracy of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy and narrow band imaging for small colorectal polyps: a feasibility study. Am J Gastroenterol, 2012. 107(2): p. 231-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.376 PMid:22068663
50. Kuruvilla, N., et al., A prospective dual-center proof-of-principle study evaluating the incremental benefit of narrow-band imaging with a fixed zoom function in real-time prediction of polyp histology. Can we resect and discard? Gastrointest Endosc, 2015. 82(2): p. 362-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2015.01.014 PMid:25841577
51. Hayashi, N., et al., Endoscopic prediction of deep submucosal invasive carcinoma: validation of the narrow-band imaging international colorectal endoscopic (NICE) classification. Gastrointest Endosc, 2013. 78(4): p. 625-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2013.04.185 PMid:23910062
52. Hewett, D.G., et al., Validation of a simple classification system for endoscopic diagnosis of small colorectal polyps using narrow-band imaging. Gastroenterology, 2012. 143(3): p. 599-607 e1. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.05.006
53. Graser, A., et al., Comparison of CT colonography, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy and faecal occult blood tests for the detection of advanced adenoma in an average risk population. Gut, 2009. 58(2): p. 241-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2008.156448 PMid:18852257
54. Johnson, C.D., et al., Accuracy of CT colonography for detection of large adenomas and cancers. N Engl J Med, 2008. 359(12): p. 1207-17. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0800996 PMid:18799557 PMCid:PMC2654614
55. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. N Engl J Med, 2003. 349(23): p. 2191-200. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa031618 PMid:14657426
56. Mulhall, B.P., G.R. Veerappan, and J.L. Jackson, Meta-analysis: computed tomographic colonography. Ann Intern Med, 2005. 142(8): p. 635-50. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-8-200504190-00013 PMid:15838071
57. Macari, M., et al., Colorectal neoplasms: prospective comparison of thin-section low-dose multi-detector row CT colonography and conventional colonoscopy for detection. Radiology, 2002. 224(2): p. 383-92. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2242011382 PMid:12147833
58. Johnson, C.D., et al., Prospective blinded evaluation of computed tomographic colonography for screen detection of colorectal polyps. Gastroenterology, 2003. 125(2): p. 311-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00894-1
59. Halligan, S., et al., Computed tomographic colonography: assessment of radiologist performance with and without computer-aided detection. Gastroenterology, 2006. 131(6): p. 1690-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.09.051 PMid:17087934
60. Pescatore, P., et al., Diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement of CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy). Gut, 2000. 47(1): p. 126-30. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.47.1.126 PMid:10861274 PMCid:PMC1727978
61. Cotton, P.B., et al., Computed tomographic colonography (virtual colonoscopy): a multicenter comparison with standard colonoscopy for detection of colorectal neoplasia. JAMA, 2004. 291(14): p. 1713-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.14.1713 PMid:15082698
62. Hara, A.K., et al., Detection of colorectal polyps by computed tomographic colography: feasibility of a novel technique. Gastroenterology, 1996. 110(1): p. 284-90. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8536869 PMid:8536869
63. Johnson, C.D., et al., Computerized tomographic colonography: performance evaluation in a retrospective multicenter setting. Gastroenterology, 2003. 125(3): p. 688-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(03)01058-8
64. Sosna, J., et al., CT colonography of colorectal polyps: a metaanalysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2003. 181(6): p. 1593-8. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.181.6.1811593 PMid:14627580
65. Yee, J., et al., Colorectal neoplasia: performance characteristics of CT colonography for detection in 300 patients. Radiology, 2001. 219(3): p. 685-92. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.219.3.r01jn40685 PMid:11376255
66. de Haan, M.C., et al., Diagnostic value of CT-colonography as compared to colonoscopy in an asymptomatic screening population: a meta-analysis. Eur Radiol, 2011. 21(8): p. 1747-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-011-2104-8 PMid:21455818 PMCid:PMC3128257
67. Halligan, S., et al., CT colonography in the detection of colorectal polyps and cancer: systematic review, meta-analysis, and proposed minimum data set for study level reporting. Radiology, 2005. 237(3): p. 893-904. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2373050176 PMid:16304111
68. Hara, A.K., et al., Detection of colorectal polyps with CT colography: initial assessment of sensitivity and specificity. Radiology, 1997. 205(1): p. 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.205.1.9314963 PMid:9314963
69. Laghi, A., et al., Detection of colorectal lesions with virtual computed tomographic colonography. Am J Surg, 2002. 183(2): p. 124-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(01)00857-1
70. Summers, R.M., et al., Colonic polyps: complementary role of computer-aided detection in CT colonography. Radiology, 2002. 225(2): p. 391-9. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2252011619 PMid:12409571
71. Petrick, N., et al., CT colonography with computer-aided detection as a second reader: observer performance study. Radiology, 2008. 246(1): p. 148-56. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2453062161 PMid:18096536
72. Yoshida, H. and J. Nappi, Three-dimensional computer-aided diagnosis scheme for detection of colonic polyps. IEEE Trans Med Imaging, 2001. 20(12): p. 1261-74. https://doi.org/10.1109/42.974921 PMid:11811826
73. Yoshida, H., et al., Computer-aided diagnosis scheme for detection of polyps at CT colonography. Radiographics, 2002. 22(4): p. 963-79. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.22.4.g02jl16963 PMid:12110726
74. Summers, R.M., et al., Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy computer-aided polyp detection in a screening population. Gastroenterology, 2005. 129(6): p. 1832-44. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.054 PMid:16344052 PMCid:PMC1576342
75. Fidler, J.L., et al., Detection of flat lesions in the colon with CT colonography. Abdom Imaging, 2002. 27(3): p. 292-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-001-0171-z PMid:12173360
76. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., Flat colorectal lesions in asymptomatic adults: implications for screening with CT virtual colonoscopy. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2004. 183(5): p. 1343-7. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.183.5.1831343 PMid:15505301
77. Taylor, S.A., et al., CT colonography: effect of experience and training on reader performance. Eur Radiol, 2004. 14(6): p. 1025-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-004-2262-z PMid:14872280
78. Thomeer, M., et al., Patient acceptance for CT colonography: what is the real issue? Eur Radiol, 2002. 12(6): p. 1410-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003300101082
79. Stoop, E.M., et al., Participation and yield of colonoscopy versus non-cathartic CT colonography in population-based screening for colorectal cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2012. 13(1): p. 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70283-2
80. Vital signs: colorectal cancer screening test use--United States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2013. 62(44): p. 881-8.
81. Duarte, R.B., et al., Computed tomography colonography versus colonoscopy for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2018. 14: p. 349-360. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S152147 PMid:29503554 PMCid:PMC5826249
82. van der Meulen, M.P., et al., Colorectal Cancer: Cost-effectiveness of Colonoscopy versus CT Colonography Screening with Participation Rates and Costs. Radiology, 2018. 287(3): p. 901-911.https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2017162359 PMid:29485322
83. Sali, L. and D. Regge, CT colonography for population screening of colorectal cancer: hints from European trials. Br J Radiol, 2016. 89(1068): p. 20160517. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20160517
84. Scott, R.G., et al., Community-based screening by colonoscopy or computed tomographic colonography in asymptomatic average-risk subjects. Am J Gastroenterol, 2004. 99(6): p. 1145-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30253.x PMid:15180739
85. Sali, L., et al., Reduced and Full-Preparation CT Colonography, Fecal Immunochemical Test, and Colonoscopy for Population Screening of Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2016. 108(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv319
86. Callstrom, M.R., et al., CT colonography without cathartic preparation: feasibility study. Radiology, 2001. 219(3): p. 693-8. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.219.3.r01jn22693 PMid:11376256
87. Iannaccone, R., et al., Detection of colorectal lesions: lower-dose multi-detector row helical CT colonography compared with conventional colonoscopy. Radiology, 2003. 229(3): p. 775-81. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2293021399 PMid:14657315
88. Iannaccone, R., et al., Computed tomographic colonography without cathartic preparation for the detection of colorectal polyps. Gastroenterology, 2004. 127(5): p. 1300-11. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.08.025 PMid:15520999
89. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., Colorectal cancer: CT colonography and colonoscopy for detection--systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology, 2011. 259(2): p. 393-405. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11101887 PMid:21415247 PMCid:PMC3079122
90. Kim, D.H., et al., CT colonography versus colonoscopy for the detection of advanced neoplasia. N Engl J Med, 2007. 357(14): p. 1403-12. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa070543 PMid:17914041
91. Sosna, J., et al., Colonic perforation at CT colonography: assessment of risk in a multicenter large cohort. Radiology, 2006. 239(2): p. 457-63. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2392050287 PMid:16543590
92. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., Screening for colorectal neoplasia with CT colonography: initial experience from the 1st year of coverage by third-party payers. Radiology, 2006. 241(2): p. 417-25. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2412052007 PMid:16982816
93. Pineau, B.C., et al., Virtual colonoscopy using oral contrast compared with colonoscopy for the detection of patients with colorectal polyps. Gastroenterology, 2003. 125(2): p. 304-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00885-0
94. Patel, J.D. and K.J. Chang, The role of virtual colonoscopy in colorectal screening. Clin Imaging, 2016. 40(2): p. 315-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2015.07.009 PMid:26298421
95. Guinigundo, A., Is the Virtual Colonoscopy a Replacement for Optical Colonoscopy? Semin Oncol Nurs, 2018. 34(2): p. 132-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2018.03.004
96. JE, I.J., et al., CT-Colonography vs. Colonoscopy for Detection of High-Risk Sessile Serrated Polyps. Am J Gastroenterol, 2016. 111(4): p. 516-22. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2016.58 PMid:27021193
97. Kim, D.H., et al., Flat Serrated Polyps at CT Colonography: Relevance, Appearance, and Optimizing Interpretation. Radiographics, 2018. 38(1): p. 60-74.https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2018170110 PMid:29148927
98. Gluecker, T.M., et al., Extracolonic findings at CT colonography: evaluation of prevalence and cost in a screening population. Gastroenterology, 2003. 124(4): p. 911-6. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.2003.50158 PMid:12671887
99. Hara, A.K., et al., Incidental extracolonic findings at CT colonography. Radiology, 2000. 215(2): p. 353-7. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.215.2.r00ap33353 PMid:10796907
100. Hellstrom, M., M.H. Svensson, and A. Lasson, Extracolonic and incidental findings on CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy). AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2004. 182(3): p. 631-8. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.182.3.1820631 PMid:14975961
101. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., Unsuspected extracolonic findings at screening CT colonography: clinical and economic impact. Radiology, 2008. 249(1): p. 151-9. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2491072148 PMid:18796673
102. Sawhney, T.G., et al., Computed Tomography Colonography Less Costly Than Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Screening of Commercially Insured Patients. Am Health Drug Benefits, 2018. 11(7): p. 353-361.
103. Kriza, C., et al., An international review of the main cost-effectiveness drivers of virtual colonography versus conventional colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening: is the tide changing due to adherence? Eur J Radiol, 2013. 82(11): p. e629-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.07.019
104. Offermans, T., et al., Preoperative segmental localization of colorectal carcinoma: CT colonography vs. optical colonoscopy. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2017. 43(11): p. 2105-2111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2017.09.016 PMid:28965706
105. Rockey, D.C., et al., Standards for gastroenterologists for performing and interpreting diagnostic computed tomographic colonography. Gastroenterology, 2007. 133(3): p. 1005-24. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2007.06.001 PMid:17678924
106. Wolf, A.M.D., et al., Colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018. 68(4): p. 250-281. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21457 PMid:29846947
107. Tutein Nolthenius, C.J., et al., Evolution of Screen-Detected Small (6-9 mm) Polyps After a 3-Year Surveillance Interval: Assessment of Growth With CT Colonography Compared With Histopathology. Am J Gastroenterol, 2015. 110(12): p. 1682-90. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2015.340 PMid:26482858
108. Obaro, A.E., D.N. Burling, and A.A. Plumb, Colon cancer screening with CT colonography: logistics, cost-effectiveness, efficiency and progress. Br J Radiol, 2018. 91(1090): p. 20180307. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20180307
109. Faivre, J., et al., Reduction in colorectal cancer mortality by fecal occult blood screening in a French controlled study. Gastroenterology, 2004. 126(7): p. 1674-80. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.02.018 PMid:15188160
110. Allison, J.E., et al., Screening for colorectal neoplasms with new fecal occult blood tests: update on performance characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2007. 99(19): p. 1462-70. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djm150 PMid:17895475
111. Imperiale, T.F., Noninvasive screening tests for colorectal cancer. Dig Dis, 2012. 30 Suppl 2: p. 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1159/000341884
112. van Rossum, L.G., et al., Random comparison of guaiac and immunochemical fecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer in a screening population. Gastroenterology, 2008. 135(1): p. 82-90. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.040 PMid:18482589
113. Hol, L., et al., Screening for colorectal cancer: randomised trial comparing guaiac-based and immunochemical faecal occult blood testing and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gut, 2010. 59(1): p. 62-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2009.177089 PMid:19671542
114. Guittet, L., et al., Comparison of a guaiac based and an immunochemical faecal occult blood test in screening for colorectal cancer in a general average risk population. Gut, 2007. 56(2): p. 210-4. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.101428 PMid:16891354 PMCid:PMC1856766
115. Parra-Blanco, A., et al., Diagnostic accuracy of immunochemical versus guaiac faecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer screening. J Gastroenterol, 2010. 45(7): p. 703-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-010-0214-8 PMid:20157748
116. Park, D.I., et al., Comparison of guaiac-based and quantitative immunochemical fecal occult blood testing in a population at average risk undergoing colorectal cancer screening. Am J Gastroenterol, 2010. 105(9): p. 2017-25. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2010.179 PMid:20502450
117. Giorgi Rossi, P., et al., Impact of Screening Program on Incidence of Colorectal Cancer: A Cohort Study in Italy. Am J Gastroenterol, 2015. 110(9): p. 1359-66. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2015.240 PMid:26303133
118. Chiu, H.M., et al., Effectiveness of fecal immunochemical testing in reducing colorectal cancer mortality from the One Million Taiwanese Screening Program. Cancer, 2015. 121(18): p. 3221-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29462 PMid:25995082 PMCid:PMC4676309
119. Kaminska, K., et al., Prognostic and Predictive Epigenetic Biomarkers in Oncology. Mol Diagn Ther, 2019. 23(1): p. 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-018-0371-7 PMid:30523565 PMCid:PMC6394434
120. Lamb, Y.N. and S. Dhillon, Epi proColon((R)) 2.0 CE: A Blood-Based Screening Test for Colorectal Cancer. Mol Diagn Ther, 2017. 21(2): p. 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-017-0259-y PMid:28155091
121. Ahmed, D., et al., A tissue-based comparative effectiveness analysis of biomarkers for early detection of colorectal tumors. Clin Transl Gastroenterol, 2012. 3: p. e27. https://doi.org/10.1038/ctg.2012.21
122. deVos, T., et al., Circulating methylated SEPT9 DNA in plasma is a biomarker for colorectal cancer. Clin Chem, 2009. 55(7): p. 1337-46. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.115808 PMid:19406918
123. Lofton-Day, C., et al., DNA methylation biomarkers for blood-based colorectal cancer screening. Clin Chem, 2008. 54(2): p. 414-23. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.095992 PMid:18089654
124. Wasserkort, R., et al., Aberrant septin 9 DNA methylation in colorectal cancer is restricted to a single CpG island. BMC Cancer, 2013. 13: p. 398. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-13-398
125. Wang, Y., P.M. Chen, and R.B. Liu, Advance in plasma SEPT9 gene methylation assay for colorectal cancer early detection. World J Gastrointest Oncol, 2018. 10(1): p. 15-22. https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v10.i1.15 PMid:29375744 PMCid:PMC5767789
126. Church, T.R., et al., Prospective evaluation of methylated SEPT9 in plasma for detection of asymptomatic colorectal cancer. Gut, 2014. 63(2): p. 317-25. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304149 PMid:23408352 PMCid:PMC3913123
127. Johnson, D.A., et al., Plasma Septin9 versus fecal immunochemical testing for colorectal cancer screening: a prospective multicenter study. PLoS One, 2014. 9(6): p. e98238. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098238
128. Graser, A., et al., Magnetic resonance colonography for the detection of colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. Gastroenterology, 2013. 144(4): p. 743-750 e2. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.12.041
129. Mandel, J.S., et al., Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med, 1993. 328(19): p. 1365-71. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199305133281901 PMid:8474513
130. Sullivan, J.F. and J.A. Dumot, Maximizing the Effectiveness of Colonoscopy in the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2018. 27(2): p. 367-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soc.2017.11.009 PMid:29496095
131. Schoen, R.E., et al., Colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality with screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. N Engl J Med, 2012. 366(25): p. 2345-57. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1114635 PMid:22612596 PMCid:PMC3641846
132. Zauber, A.G., et al., Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. N Engl J Med, 2012. 366(8): p. 687-96. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100370 PMid:22356322 PMCid:PMC3322371
133. Martin-Lopez, J.E., et al., Comparison of the accuracy of CT colonography and colonoscopy in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis, 2014. 16(3): p. O82-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12506
134. Knudsen, A.B., et al., Estimation of Benefits, Burden, and Harms of Colorectal Cancer Screening Strategies: Modeling Study for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 2016. 315(23): p. 2595-609. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.6828 PMid:27305518 PMCid:PMC5493310
135. Taylor, S.A., et al., Acceptance by patients of multidetector CT colonography compared with barium enema examinations, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2003. 181(4): p. 913-21. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.181.4.1810913 PMid:14500202
136. Senore, C., et al., Flexible Sigmoidoscopy and CT Colonography Screening: Patients' Experience with and Factors for Undergoing Screening-Insight from the Proteus Colon Trial. Radiology, 2018. 286(3): p. 873-883. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2017170228 PMid:29040021
137. Akerkar, G.A., et al., Patient experience and preferences toward colon cancer screening: a comparison of virtual colonoscopy and conventional colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc, 2001. 54(3): p. 310-5. https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2001.117595 PMid:11522970
138. de Wijkerslooth, T.R., et al., Reasons for participation and nonparticipation in colorectal cancer screening: a randomized trial of colonoscopy and CT colonography. Am J Gastroenterol, 2012. 107(12): p. 1777-83. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2012.140 PMid:23211845
139. Pickhardt, P.J., Imaging and Screening for Colorectal Cancer with CT Colonography. Radiol Clin North Am, 2017. 55(6): p. 1183-1196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2017.06.009 PMid:28991559
140. Ferrucci, J.T., Colon cancer screening with virtual colonoscopy: promise, polyps, politics. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2001. 177(5): p. 975-88. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.177.5.1770975 PMid:11641151
141. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., Cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening with computed tomography colonography: the impact of not reporting diminutive lesions. Cancer, 2007. 109(11): p. 2213-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.22668 PMid:17455218
142. Ran, T., et al., Cost-effectiveness of Colorectal Cancer Screening Strategies-a Systematic Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2019.01.014
143. Vijan, S., et al., The cost-effectiveness of CT colonography in screening for colorectal neoplasia. Am J Gastroenterol, 2007. 102(2): p. 380-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00970.x PMid:17156139 PMCid:PMC1861841
144. Ladabaum, U., K. Song, and A.M. Fendrick, Colorectal neoplasia screening with virtual colonoscopy: when, at what cost, and with what national impact? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2004. 2(7): p. 554-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00247-2
2. Organization., W.H., International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Available at: http://www-dep.iarc.fr/ Accessed December 3, 2011, 2011.
3. Jasperson, K.W., et al., Hereditary and familial colon cancer. Gastroenterology, 2010. 138(6): p. 2044-58. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.054 PMid:20420945 PMCid:PMC3057468
4. Markowitz, S.D. and M.M. Bertagnolli, Molecular origins of cancer: Molecular basis of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med, 2009. 361(25): p. 2449-60. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0804588 PMid:20018966 PMCid:PMC2843693
5. [Consensus conference: Prevention Screening and Management of the Colonic Cancers. Paris, France, January 29-30, 1998. Proceedings]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 1998. 22(3 Suppl): p. S1-295.
6. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN guidelines): colorectal cancer screening.2016.
7. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN guidelines): colorectal cancer screening.2018.
8. Levin, B., et al., Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology, 2008. 134(5): p. 1570-95. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.002 PMid:18384785
9. Moore, J.S. and T.H. Aulet, Colorectal Cancer Screening. Surg Clin North Am, 2017. 97(3): p. 487-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.01.001 PMid:28501242
10. Bibbins-Domingo, K., et al., Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 2016. 315(23): p. 2564-2575. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.5989 PMid:27304597
11. Winawer, S.J., et al., Risk of colorectal cancer in the families of patients with adenomatous polyps. National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med, 1996. 334(2): p. 82-7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199601113340204 PMid:8531963
12. Eaden, J.A., K.R. Abrams, and J.F. Mayberry, The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut, 2001. 48(4): p. 526-35. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.48.4.526 PMid:11247898 PMCid:PMC1728259
13. Farraye, F.A., et al., AGA medical position statement on the diagnosis and management of colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 2010. 138(2): p. 738-45. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.035 PMid:20141808
14. Tsaitas, C., A. Semertzidou, and E. Sinakos, Update on inflammatory bowel disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. World J Hepatol, 2014. 6(4): p. 178-87. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v6.i4.178 PMid:24799986 PMCid:PMC4009473
15. Wang, R. and R.W. Leong, Primary sclerosing cholangitis as an independent risk factor for colorectal cancer in the context of inflammatory bowel disease: a review of the literature. World J Gastroenterol, 2014. 20(27): p. 8783-9.
16. Wells, K. and P.E. Wise, Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes. Surg Clin North Am, 2017. 97(3): p. 605-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.01.009 PMid:28501250
17. Lauby-Secretan, B., et al., The IARC Perspective on Colorectal Cancer Screening. N Engl J Med, 2018. 378(18): p. 1734-1740. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr1714643 PMid:29580179
18. Pox, C.P., Controversies in colorectal cancer screening. Digestion, 2014. 89(4): p. 274-81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000363287 PMid:25034478
19. Mohammed, M.F., et al., Trends in CT colonography: bibliometric analysis of the 100 most-cited articles. Br J Radiol, 2017. 90(1080): p. 20160755. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20160755
20. Lin, J.S., et al., Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 2016. 315(23): p. 2576-94. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.3332 PMid:27305422
21. Cancer Stat Facts: Colorectal Cancer. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/colorect.html, 2018.
22. Winawer, S.J., et al., Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. The National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med, 1993. 329(27): p. 1977-81. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199312303292701 PMid:8247072
23. Nishihara, R., et al., Long-term colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality after lower endoscopy. N Engl J Med, 2013. 369(12): p. 1095-105. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1301969 PMid:24047059 PMCid:PMC3840160
24. Shaukat, A., et al., Long-term mortality after screening for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med, 2013. 369(12): p. 1106-14. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1300720 PMid:24047060
25. Longcroft-Wheaton, G., et al., High-definition vs. standard-definition colonoscopy in the characterization of small colonic polyps: results from a randomized trial. Endoscopy, 2012. 44(10): p. 905-10. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1310004 PMid:22893132
26. Pellise, M., et al., Impact of wide-angle, high-definition endoscopy in the diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology, 2008. 135(4): p. 1062-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.06.090 PMid:18725223
27. Rastogi, A., et al., Randomized, controlled trial of standard-definition white-light, high-definition white-light, and narrow-band imaging colonoscopy for the detection of colon polyps and prediction of polyp histology. Gastrointest Endosc, 2011. 74(3): p. 593-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2011.04.050 PMid:21802078
28. Subramanian, V., et al., High definition colonoscopy vs. standard video endoscopy for the detection of colonic polyps: a meta-analysis. Endoscopy, 2011. 43(6): p. 499-505. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1256207 PMid:21360420
29. Gralnek, I.M., et al., Standard forward-viewing colonoscopy versus full-spectrum endoscopy: an international, multicentre, randomised, tandem colonoscopy trial. Lancet Oncol, 2014. 15(3): p. 353-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70020-8
30. Adler, A., et al., Latest generation, wide-angle, high-definition colonoscopes increase adenoma detection rate. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012. 10(2): p. 155-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2011.10.026 PMid:22056301
31. Papanikolaou, I.S., et al., Lower adenoma miss rate with FUSE vs. conventional colonoscopy with proximal retroflexion: a randomized back-to-back trial. Endoscopy, 2017. 49(5): p. 468-475. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-124415 PMid:28107765
32. Rex, D.K. and M. Khashab, Colonoscopic polypectomy in retroflexion. Gastrointest Endosc, 2006. 63(1): p. 144-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2005.09.016 PMid:16377332
33. Pidala, M.J. and M.V. Cusick, The Difficult Colorectal Polyp. Surg Clin North Am, 2017. 97(3): p. 515-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.01.003 PMid:28501244
34. Morson, B., President's address. The polyp-cancer sequence in the large bowel. Proc R Soc Med, 1974. 67(6 Pt 1): p. 451-7.
35. Eide, T.J., Natural history of adenomas. World J Surg, 1991. 15(1): p. 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01658952 PMid:1994603
36. Takayama, T., et al., Aberrant crypt foci of the colon as precursors of adenoma and cancer. N Engl J Med, 1998. 339(18): p. 1277-84. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199810293391803 PMid:9791143
37. Rex, D.K., et al., Serrated lesions of the colorectum: review and recommendations from an expert panel. Am J Gastroenterol, 2012. 107(9): p. 1315-29; quiz 1314, 1330.
38. Hassan, C., P.J. Pickhardt, and D.K. Rex, A resect and discard strategy would improve cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010. 8(10): p. 865-9, 869 e1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2010.05.018
39. Ignjatovic, A., et al., Optical diagnosis of small colorectal polyps at routine colonoscopy (Detect InSpect ChAracterise Resect and Discard; DISCARD trial): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol, 2009. 10(12): p. 1171-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70329-8
40. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., Low rates of cancer or high-grade dysplasia in colorectal polyps collected from computed tomography colonography screening. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010. 8(7): p. 610-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2010.03.007 PMid:20304097
41. Eisen, G.M., et al., High-resolution chromoendoscopy for classifying colonic polyps: a multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc, 2002. 55(6): p. 687-94. https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2002.123619 PMid:11979251
42. Machida, H., et al., Narrow-band imaging in the diagnosis of colorectal mucosal lesions: a pilot study. Endoscopy, 2004. 36(12): p. 1094-8. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-826040 PMid:15578301
43. Singh, R., et al., Narrow-band imaging with dual focus magnification in differentiating colorectal neoplasia. Dig Endosc, 2013. 25 Suppl 2: p. 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12075
44. Sano, Y., et al., Narrow-band imaging (NBI) magnifying endoscopic classification of colorectal tumors proposed by the Japan NBI Expert Team. Dig Endosc, 2016. 28(5): p. 526-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12644 PMid:26927367
45. Kaminski, M.F., et al., Advanced imaging for detection and differentiation of colorectal neoplasia: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy, 2014. 46(5): p. 435-49. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1365348 PMid:24639382
46. Rastogi, A., et al., High accuracy of narrow band imaging without magnification for the real-time characterization of polyp histology and its comparison with high-definition white light colonoscopy: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol, 2009. 104(10): p. 2422-30. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.403 PMid:19584829
47. Rex, D.K., et al., The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy PIVI (Preservation and Incorporation of Valuable Endoscopic Innovations) on real-time endoscopic assessment of the histology of diminutive colorectal polyps. Gastrointest Endosc, 2011. 73(3): p. 419-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2011.01.023 PMid:21353837
48. Wanders, L.K., et al., Diagnostic performance of narrowed spectrum endoscopy, autofluorescence imaging, and confocal laser endomicroscopy for optical diagnosis of colonic polyps: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol, 2013. 14(13): p. 1337-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70509-6
49. Shahid, M.W., et al., Diagnostic accuracy of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy and narrow band imaging for small colorectal polyps: a feasibility study. Am J Gastroenterol, 2012. 107(2): p. 231-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.376 PMid:22068663
50. Kuruvilla, N., et al., A prospective dual-center proof-of-principle study evaluating the incremental benefit of narrow-band imaging with a fixed zoom function in real-time prediction of polyp histology. Can we resect and discard? Gastrointest Endosc, 2015. 82(2): p. 362-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2015.01.014 PMid:25841577
51. Hayashi, N., et al., Endoscopic prediction of deep submucosal invasive carcinoma: validation of the narrow-band imaging international colorectal endoscopic (NICE) classification. Gastrointest Endosc, 2013. 78(4): p. 625-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2013.04.185 PMid:23910062
52. Hewett, D.G., et al., Validation of a simple classification system for endoscopic diagnosis of small colorectal polyps using narrow-band imaging. Gastroenterology, 2012. 143(3): p. 599-607 e1. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.05.006
53. Graser, A., et al., Comparison of CT colonography, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy and faecal occult blood tests for the detection of advanced adenoma in an average risk population. Gut, 2009. 58(2): p. 241-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2008.156448 PMid:18852257
54. Johnson, C.D., et al., Accuracy of CT colonography for detection of large adenomas and cancers. N Engl J Med, 2008. 359(12): p. 1207-17. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0800996 PMid:18799557 PMCid:PMC2654614
55. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. N Engl J Med, 2003. 349(23): p. 2191-200. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa031618 PMid:14657426
56. Mulhall, B.P., G.R. Veerappan, and J.L. Jackson, Meta-analysis: computed tomographic colonography. Ann Intern Med, 2005. 142(8): p. 635-50. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-8-200504190-00013 PMid:15838071
57. Macari, M., et al., Colorectal neoplasms: prospective comparison of thin-section low-dose multi-detector row CT colonography and conventional colonoscopy for detection. Radiology, 2002. 224(2): p. 383-92. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2242011382 PMid:12147833
58. Johnson, C.D., et al., Prospective blinded evaluation of computed tomographic colonography for screen detection of colorectal polyps. Gastroenterology, 2003. 125(2): p. 311-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00894-1
59. Halligan, S., et al., Computed tomographic colonography: assessment of radiologist performance with and without computer-aided detection. Gastroenterology, 2006. 131(6): p. 1690-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.09.051 PMid:17087934
60. Pescatore, P., et al., Diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement of CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy). Gut, 2000. 47(1): p. 126-30. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.47.1.126 PMid:10861274 PMCid:PMC1727978
61. Cotton, P.B., et al., Computed tomographic colonography (virtual colonoscopy): a multicenter comparison with standard colonoscopy for detection of colorectal neoplasia. JAMA, 2004. 291(14): p. 1713-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.14.1713 PMid:15082698
62. Hara, A.K., et al., Detection of colorectal polyps by computed tomographic colography: feasibility of a novel technique. Gastroenterology, 1996. 110(1): p. 284-90. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8536869 PMid:8536869
63. Johnson, C.D., et al., Computerized tomographic colonography: performance evaluation in a retrospective multicenter setting. Gastroenterology, 2003. 125(3): p. 688-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(03)01058-8
64. Sosna, J., et al., CT colonography of colorectal polyps: a metaanalysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2003. 181(6): p. 1593-8. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.181.6.1811593 PMid:14627580
65. Yee, J., et al., Colorectal neoplasia: performance characteristics of CT colonography for detection in 300 patients. Radiology, 2001. 219(3): p. 685-92. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.219.3.r01jn40685 PMid:11376255
66. de Haan, M.C., et al., Diagnostic value of CT-colonography as compared to colonoscopy in an asymptomatic screening population: a meta-analysis. Eur Radiol, 2011. 21(8): p. 1747-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-011-2104-8 PMid:21455818 PMCid:PMC3128257
67. Halligan, S., et al., CT colonography in the detection of colorectal polyps and cancer: systematic review, meta-analysis, and proposed minimum data set for study level reporting. Radiology, 2005. 237(3): p. 893-904. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2373050176 PMid:16304111
68. Hara, A.K., et al., Detection of colorectal polyps with CT colography: initial assessment of sensitivity and specificity. Radiology, 1997. 205(1): p. 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.205.1.9314963 PMid:9314963
69. Laghi, A., et al., Detection of colorectal lesions with virtual computed tomographic colonography. Am J Surg, 2002. 183(2): p. 124-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(01)00857-1
70. Summers, R.M., et al., Colonic polyps: complementary role of computer-aided detection in CT colonography. Radiology, 2002. 225(2): p. 391-9. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2252011619 PMid:12409571
71. Petrick, N., et al., CT colonography with computer-aided detection as a second reader: observer performance study. Radiology, 2008. 246(1): p. 148-56. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2453062161 PMid:18096536
72. Yoshida, H. and J. Nappi, Three-dimensional computer-aided diagnosis scheme for detection of colonic polyps. IEEE Trans Med Imaging, 2001. 20(12): p. 1261-74. https://doi.org/10.1109/42.974921 PMid:11811826
73. Yoshida, H., et al., Computer-aided diagnosis scheme for detection of polyps at CT colonography. Radiographics, 2002. 22(4): p. 963-79. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.22.4.g02jl16963 PMid:12110726
74. Summers, R.M., et al., Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy computer-aided polyp detection in a screening population. Gastroenterology, 2005. 129(6): p. 1832-44. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.054 PMid:16344052 PMCid:PMC1576342
75. Fidler, J.L., et al., Detection of flat lesions in the colon with CT colonography. Abdom Imaging, 2002. 27(3): p. 292-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-001-0171-z PMid:12173360
76. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., Flat colorectal lesions in asymptomatic adults: implications for screening with CT virtual colonoscopy. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2004. 183(5): p. 1343-7. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.183.5.1831343 PMid:15505301
77. Taylor, S.A., et al., CT colonography: effect of experience and training on reader performance. Eur Radiol, 2004. 14(6): p. 1025-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-004-2262-z PMid:14872280
78. Thomeer, M., et al., Patient acceptance for CT colonography: what is the real issue? Eur Radiol, 2002. 12(6): p. 1410-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003300101082
79. Stoop, E.M., et al., Participation and yield of colonoscopy versus non-cathartic CT colonography in population-based screening for colorectal cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2012. 13(1): p. 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70283-2
80. Vital signs: colorectal cancer screening test use--United States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2013. 62(44): p. 881-8.
81. Duarte, R.B., et al., Computed tomography colonography versus colonoscopy for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2018. 14: p. 349-360. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S152147 PMid:29503554 PMCid:PMC5826249
82. van der Meulen, M.P., et al., Colorectal Cancer: Cost-effectiveness of Colonoscopy versus CT Colonography Screening with Participation Rates and Costs. Radiology, 2018. 287(3): p. 901-911.https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2017162359 PMid:29485322
83. Sali, L. and D. Regge, CT colonography for population screening of colorectal cancer: hints from European trials. Br J Radiol, 2016. 89(1068): p. 20160517. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20160517
84. Scott, R.G., et al., Community-based screening by colonoscopy or computed tomographic colonography in asymptomatic average-risk subjects. Am J Gastroenterol, 2004. 99(6): p. 1145-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30253.x PMid:15180739
85. Sali, L., et al., Reduced and Full-Preparation CT Colonography, Fecal Immunochemical Test, and Colonoscopy for Population Screening of Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2016. 108(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv319
86. Callstrom, M.R., et al., CT colonography without cathartic preparation: feasibility study. Radiology, 2001. 219(3): p. 693-8. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.219.3.r01jn22693 PMid:11376256
87. Iannaccone, R., et al., Detection of colorectal lesions: lower-dose multi-detector row helical CT colonography compared with conventional colonoscopy. Radiology, 2003. 229(3): p. 775-81. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2293021399 PMid:14657315
88. Iannaccone, R., et al., Computed tomographic colonography without cathartic preparation for the detection of colorectal polyps. Gastroenterology, 2004. 127(5): p. 1300-11. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.08.025 PMid:15520999
89. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., Colorectal cancer: CT colonography and colonoscopy for detection--systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology, 2011. 259(2): p. 393-405. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11101887 PMid:21415247 PMCid:PMC3079122
90. Kim, D.H., et al., CT colonography versus colonoscopy for the detection of advanced neoplasia. N Engl J Med, 2007. 357(14): p. 1403-12. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa070543 PMid:17914041
91. Sosna, J., et al., Colonic perforation at CT colonography: assessment of risk in a multicenter large cohort. Radiology, 2006. 239(2): p. 457-63. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2392050287 PMid:16543590
92. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., Screening for colorectal neoplasia with CT colonography: initial experience from the 1st year of coverage by third-party payers. Radiology, 2006. 241(2): p. 417-25. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2412052007 PMid:16982816
93. Pineau, B.C., et al., Virtual colonoscopy using oral contrast compared with colonoscopy for the detection of patients with colorectal polyps. Gastroenterology, 2003. 125(2): p. 304-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00885-0
94. Patel, J.D. and K.J. Chang, The role of virtual colonoscopy in colorectal screening. Clin Imaging, 2016. 40(2): p. 315-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2015.07.009 PMid:26298421
95. Guinigundo, A., Is the Virtual Colonoscopy a Replacement for Optical Colonoscopy? Semin Oncol Nurs, 2018. 34(2): p. 132-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2018.03.004
96. JE, I.J., et al., CT-Colonography vs. Colonoscopy for Detection of High-Risk Sessile Serrated Polyps. Am J Gastroenterol, 2016. 111(4): p. 516-22. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2016.58 PMid:27021193
97. Kim, D.H., et al., Flat Serrated Polyps at CT Colonography: Relevance, Appearance, and Optimizing Interpretation. Radiographics, 2018. 38(1): p. 60-74.https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2018170110 PMid:29148927
98. Gluecker, T.M., et al., Extracolonic findings at CT colonography: evaluation of prevalence and cost in a screening population. Gastroenterology, 2003. 124(4): p. 911-6. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.2003.50158 PMid:12671887
99. Hara, A.K., et al., Incidental extracolonic findings at CT colonography. Radiology, 2000. 215(2): p. 353-7. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.215.2.r00ap33353 PMid:10796907
100. Hellstrom, M., M.H. Svensson, and A. Lasson, Extracolonic and incidental findings on CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy). AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2004. 182(3): p. 631-8. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.182.3.1820631 PMid:14975961
101. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., Unsuspected extracolonic findings at screening CT colonography: clinical and economic impact. Radiology, 2008. 249(1): p. 151-9. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2491072148 PMid:18796673
102. Sawhney, T.G., et al., Computed Tomography Colonography Less Costly Than Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Screening of Commercially Insured Patients. Am Health Drug Benefits, 2018. 11(7): p. 353-361.
103. Kriza, C., et al., An international review of the main cost-effectiveness drivers of virtual colonography versus conventional colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening: is the tide changing due to adherence? Eur J Radiol, 2013. 82(11): p. e629-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.07.019
104. Offermans, T., et al., Preoperative segmental localization of colorectal carcinoma: CT colonography vs. optical colonoscopy. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2017. 43(11): p. 2105-2111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2017.09.016 PMid:28965706
105. Rockey, D.C., et al., Standards for gastroenterologists for performing and interpreting diagnostic computed tomographic colonography. Gastroenterology, 2007. 133(3): p. 1005-24. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2007.06.001 PMid:17678924
106. Wolf, A.M.D., et al., Colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018. 68(4): p. 250-281. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21457 PMid:29846947
107. Tutein Nolthenius, C.J., et al., Evolution of Screen-Detected Small (6-9 mm) Polyps After a 3-Year Surveillance Interval: Assessment of Growth With CT Colonography Compared With Histopathology. Am J Gastroenterol, 2015. 110(12): p. 1682-90. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2015.340 PMid:26482858
108. Obaro, A.E., D.N. Burling, and A.A. Plumb, Colon cancer screening with CT colonography: logistics, cost-effectiveness, efficiency and progress. Br J Radiol, 2018. 91(1090): p. 20180307. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20180307
109. Faivre, J., et al., Reduction in colorectal cancer mortality by fecal occult blood screening in a French controlled study. Gastroenterology, 2004. 126(7): p. 1674-80. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.02.018 PMid:15188160
110. Allison, J.E., et al., Screening for colorectal neoplasms with new fecal occult blood tests: update on performance characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2007. 99(19): p. 1462-70. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djm150 PMid:17895475
111. Imperiale, T.F., Noninvasive screening tests for colorectal cancer. Dig Dis, 2012. 30 Suppl 2: p. 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1159/000341884
112. van Rossum, L.G., et al., Random comparison of guaiac and immunochemical fecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer in a screening population. Gastroenterology, 2008. 135(1): p. 82-90. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.040 PMid:18482589
113. Hol, L., et al., Screening for colorectal cancer: randomised trial comparing guaiac-based and immunochemical faecal occult blood testing and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gut, 2010. 59(1): p. 62-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2009.177089 PMid:19671542
114. Guittet, L., et al., Comparison of a guaiac based and an immunochemical faecal occult blood test in screening for colorectal cancer in a general average risk population. Gut, 2007. 56(2): p. 210-4. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.101428 PMid:16891354 PMCid:PMC1856766
115. Parra-Blanco, A., et al., Diagnostic accuracy of immunochemical versus guaiac faecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer screening. J Gastroenterol, 2010. 45(7): p. 703-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-010-0214-8 PMid:20157748
116. Park, D.I., et al., Comparison of guaiac-based and quantitative immunochemical fecal occult blood testing in a population at average risk undergoing colorectal cancer screening. Am J Gastroenterol, 2010. 105(9): p. 2017-25. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2010.179 PMid:20502450
117. Giorgi Rossi, P., et al., Impact of Screening Program on Incidence of Colorectal Cancer: A Cohort Study in Italy. Am J Gastroenterol, 2015. 110(9): p. 1359-66. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2015.240 PMid:26303133
118. Chiu, H.M., et al., Effectiveness of fecal immunochemical testing in reducing colorectal cancer mortality from the One Million Taiwanese Screening Program. Cancer, 2015. 121(18): p. 3221-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29462 PMid:25995082 PMCid:PMC4676309
119. Kaminska, K., et al., Prognostic and Predictive Epigenetic Biomarkers in Oncology. Mol Diagn Ther, 2019. 23(1): p. 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-018-0371-7 PMid:30523565 PMCid:PMC6394434
120. Lamb, Y.N. and S. Dhillon, Epi proColon((R)) 2.0 CE: A Blood-Based Screening Test for Colorectal Cancer. Mol Diagn Ther, 2017. 21(2): p. 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-017-0259-y PMid:28155091
121. Ahmed, D., et al., A tissue-based comparative effectiveness analysis of biomarkers for early detection of colorectal tumors. Clin Transl Gastroenterol, 2012. 3: p. e27. https://doi.org/10.1038/ctg.2012.21
122. deVos, T., et al., Circulating methylated SEPT9 DNA in plasma is a biomarker for colorectal cancer. Clin Chem, 2009. 55(7): p. 1337-46. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.115808 PMid:19406918
123. Lofton-Day, C., et al., DNA methylation biomarkers for blood-based colorectal cancer screening. Clin Chem, 2008. 54(2): p. 414-23. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.095992 PMid:18089654
124. Wasserkort, R., et al., Aberrant septin 9 DNA methylation in colorectal cancer is restricted to a single CpG island. BMC Cancer, 2013. 13: p. 398. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-13-398
125. Wang, Y., P.M. Chen, and R.B. Liu, Advance in plasma SEPT9 gene methylation assay for colorectal cancer early detection. World J Gastrointest Oncol, 2018. 10(1): p. 15-22. https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v10.i1.15 PMid:29375744 PMCid:PMC5767789
126. Church, T.R., et al., Prospective evaluation of methylated SEPT9 in plasma for detection of asymptomatic colorectal cancer. Gut, 2014. 63(2): p. 317-25. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304149 PMid:23408352 PMCid:PMC3913123
127. Johnson, D.A., et al., Plasma Septin9 versus fecal immunochemical testing for colorectal cancer screening: a prospective multicenter study. PLoS One, 2014. 9(6): p. e98238. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098238
128. Graser, A., et al., Magnetic resonance colonography for the detection of colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. Gastroenterology, 2013. 144(4): p. 743-750 e2. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.12.041
129. Mandel, J.S., et al., Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med, 1993. 328(19): p. 1365-71. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199305133281901 PMid:8474513
130. Sullivan, J.F. and J.A. Dumot, Maximizing the Effectiveness of Colonoscopy in the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2018. 27(2): p. 367-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soc.2017.11.009 PMid:29496095
131. Schoen, R.E., et al., Colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality with screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. N Engl J Med, 2012. 366(25): p. 2345-57. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1114635 PMid:22612596 PMCid:PMC3641846
132. Zauber, A.G., et al., Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. N Engl J Med, 2012. 366(8): p. 687-96. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100370 PMid:22356322 PMCid:PMC3322371
133. Martin-Lopez, J.E., et al., Comparison of the accuracy of CT colonography and colonoscopy in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis, 2014. 16(3): p. O82-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12506
134. Knudsen, A.B., et al., Estimation of Benefits, Burden, and Harms of Colorectal Cancer Screening Strategies: Modeling Study for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 2016. 315(23): p. 2595-609. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.6828 PMid:27305518 PMCid:PMC5493310
135. Taylor, S.A., et al., Acceptance by patients of multidetector CT colonography compared with barium enema examinations, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2003. 181(4): p. 913-21. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.181.4.1810913 PMid:14500202
136. Senore, C., et al., Flexible Sigmoidoscopy and CT Colonography Screening: Patients' Experience with and Factors for Undergoing Screening-Insight from the Proteus Colon Trial. Radiology, 2018. 286(3): p. 873-883. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2017170228 PMid:29040021
137. Akerkar, G.A., et al., Patient experience and preferences toward colon cancer screening: a comparison of virtual colonoscopy and conventional colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc, 2001. 54(3): p. 310-5. https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2001.117595 PMid:11522970
138. de Wijkerslooth, T.R., et al., Reasons for participation and nonparticipation in colorectal cancer screening: a randomized trial of colonoscopy and CT colonography. Am J Gastroenterol, 2012. 107(12): p. 1777-83. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2012.140 PMid:23211845
139. Pickhardt, P.J., Imaging and Screening for Colorectal Cancer with CT Colonography. Radiol Clin North Am, 2017. 55(6): p. 1183-1196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2017.06.009 PMid:28991559
140. Ferrucci, J.T., Colon cancer screening with virtual colonoscopy: promise, polyps, politics. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2001. 177(5): p. 975-88. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.177.5.1770975 PMid:11641151
141. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., Cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening with computed tomography colonography: the impact of not reporting diminutive lesions. Cancer, 2007. 109(11): p. 2213-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.22668 PMid:17455218
142. Ran, T., et al., Cost-effectiveness of Colorectal Cancer Screening Strategies-a Systematic Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2019.01.014
143. Vijan, S., et al., The cost-effectiveness of CT colonography in screening for colorectal neoplasia. Am J Gastroenterol, 2007. 102(2): p. 380-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00970.x PMid:17156139 PMCid:PMC1861841
144. Ladabaum, U., K. Song, and A.M. Fendrick, Colorectal neoplasia screening with virtual colonoscopy: when, at what cost, and with what national impact? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2004. 2(7): p. 554-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00247-2
Published
2019-04-01
Issue
Section
Health sciences
