Colorectal Cancers Screening in the General Population: Focusing
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Published:
Apr 1, 2019
Keywords:
colorectal cancers; screening; average risk; virtual colonoscopy.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancers are common throughout the world, although their incidence varies across continents and countries. 28% of these cancers are rectal, and two-thirds of the remaining 72% are of left colonic location. Screening and prevention have proven effective in reducing the incidence of these cancers and their mortality. The best screening results in the so-called average-risk general population have been obtained in the USA, where the first-line endoscopy is the gold standard when in other countries, especially European ones; screening was done by the search for occult blood in the stool. This group, however, became heterogeneous due to the intervention of environmental factors and co-morbidities; a colonoscopy is then proposed to those subjects considered at average risk. Virtual colonoscopy has excellent sensitivity and specificity for one-centimeter polyps. The serrated polyps, pre-cancerous lesions predominating on the right, are more difficult to detect.
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Colorectal Cancers Screening in the General Population: Focusing. (2019). Medical Technologies Journal, 3(1), 366-375. https://medtech.ichsmt.org/index.php/MTJ/article/view/216
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Health sciences
How to Cite
Colorectal Cancers Screening in the General Population: Focusing. (2019). Medical Technologies Journal, 3(1), 366-375. https://medtech.ichsmt.org/index.php/MTJ/article/view/216
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References
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2. [Consensus conference: Prevention Screening and Management of the Colonic Cancers. Paris, France, January 29-30, 1998. Proceedings]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 1998. 22(3 Suppl): p. S1-295.
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4. Orangio, G.R., The Economics of Colon Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2018. 27(2): p. 327-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soc.2017.11.007 PMid:29496093
5. Organization., W.H., International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Available at: http://www-dep.iarc.fr/ Accessed December 3, 2011, 2011.
6. Moore, J.S. and T.H. Aulet, Colorectal Cancer Screening. Surg Clin North Am, 2017. 97(3): p. 487-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.01.001 PMid:28501242
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10. Hall, N.C. and A.T. Ruutiainen, Colorectal Cancer:: Imaging Conundrums. Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2018. 27(2): p. 289-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soc.2017.11.004 PMid:29496090
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12. Bailey, C.E., et al., Increasing disparities in the age-related incidences of colon and rectal cancers in the United States, 1975-2010. JAMA Surg, 2015. 150(1): p. 17-22.https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2014.1756 PMid:25372703 PMCid:PMC4666003
13. Murphy, G., et al., Sex disparities in colorectal cancer incidence by anatomic subsite, race and age. Int J Cancer, 2011. 128(7): p. 1668-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25481 PMid:20503269 PMCid:PMC3031675
14. National Cancer Institute.Rectal Cancer Treatment. http://www.cancer.gov/, 2011.
15. Pox, C.P., Controversies in colorectal cancer screening. Digestion, 2014. 89(4): p. 274-81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000363287 PMid:25034478
16. Van Cutsem, E., et al., Metastatic colorectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol, 2014. 25 Suppl 3: p. iii1-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu260
17. Yeazel, M.W., et al., Colorectal cancer screening adherence in a general population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2004. 13(4): p. 654-7.
18. Eide, T.J., Natural history of adenomas. World J Surg, 1991. 15(1): p. 3-6.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01658952 PMid:1994603
19. Rex, D.K., et al., Quality in the technical performance of colonoscopy and the continuous quality improvement process for colonoscopy: recommendations of the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Am J Gastroenterol, 2002. 97(6): p. 1296-308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05812.x PMid:12094842
20. Takayama, T., et al., Aberrant crypt foci of the colon as precursors of adenoma and cancer. N Engl J Med, 1998. 339(18): p. 1277-84. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199810293391803 PMid:9791143
21. Pidala, M.J. and M.V. Cusick, The Difficult Colorectal Polyp. Surg Clin North Am, 2017. 97(3): p. 515-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2017.01.003
PMid:28501244
22. Eide, T.J., Risk of colorectal cancer in adenoma-bearing individuals within a defined population. Int J Cancer, 1986. 38(2): p. 173-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910380205 PMid:3733258
23. Singh, H., et al., Risk of developing colorectal cancer following a negative colonoscopy examination: evidence for a 10-year interval between colonoscopies. JAMA, 2006. 295(20): p. 2366-73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.20.2366 PMid:16720822
24. Bateman, A.C., Pathology of serrated colorectal lesions. J Clin Pathol, 2014. 67(10): p. 865-74. https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202175 PMid:24561317
25. Hetzel, J.T., et al., Variation in the detection of serrated polyps in an average risk colorectal cancer screening cohort. Am J Gastroenterol, 2010. 105(12): p. 2656-64. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2010.315 PMid:20717107
26. Leggett, B. and V. Whitehall, Role of the serrated pathway in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Gastroenterology, 2010. 138(6): p. 2088-100. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.066 PMid:20420948
27. Saito, S., H. Tajiri, and M. Ikegami, Serrated polyps of the colon and rectum: Endoscopic features including image enhanced endoscopy. World J Gastrointest Endosc, 2015. 7(9): p. 860-71. https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v7.i9.860 PMid:26240687 PMCid:PMC4515420
28. Torlakovic, E. and D.C. Snover, Serrated adenomatous polyposis in humans. Gastroenterology, 1996. 110(3): p. 748-55. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8608884 PMid:8608884
29. Longacre, T.A. and C.M. Fenoglio-Preiser, Mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps/serrated adenomas. A distinct form of colorectal neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol, 1990. 14(6): p. 524-37. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-199006000-00003 PMid:2186644
30. Moskal, A., et al., Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of published cohort studies. Int J Cancer, 2007. 120(3): p. 664-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22299 PMid:17096321
31. Liang, P.S., T.Y. Chen, and E. Giovannucci, Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer, 2009. 124(10): p. 2406-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24191 PMid:19142968
32. Paskett, E.D., et al., Association between cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer in the Women's Health Initiative. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2007. 99(22): p. 1729-35. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djm176 PMid:18000222
33. Larsson, S.C. and A. Wolk, Obesity and colon and rectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr, 2007. 86(3): p. 556-65. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.27480 PMid:17823417
34. Pan, P., J. Yu, and L.S. Wang, Colon Cancer: What We Eat. Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2018. 27(2): p. 243-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soc.2017.11.002 PMid:29496088 PMCid:PMC5836483
35. Giovannucci, E., et al., Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res, 1994. 54(9): p. 2390-7.
36. Graham, S. and M. Swanson, Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in women. N Engl J Med, 1992. 326(3): p. 199-200; author reply 201-2. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199201163260312
37. Loosli, A.R., Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in women. N Engl J Med, 1992. 326(3): p. 200; author reply 201-2. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199201163260312
38. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN guidelines): colorectal cancer screening.2016.
39. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN guidelines): colorectal cancer screening., 2018.
40. Knudsen, A.B., et al., Estimation of Benefits, Burden, and Harms of Colorectal Cancer Screening Strategies: Modeling Study for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 2016. 315(23): p. 2595-609. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.6828 PMid:27305518 PMCid:PMC5493310
41. Bibbins-Domingo, K., et al., Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 2016. 315(23): p. 2564-2575. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.5989 PMid:27304597
42. Lin, J.S., et al., Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 2016. 315(23): p. 2576-94. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.3332 PMid:27305422
43. Brenner, H., C. Stock, and M. Hoffmeister, Effect of screening sigmoidoscopy and screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. BMJ, 2014. 348: p. g2467. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g2467
44. Nishihara, R., et al., Long-term colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality after lower endoscopy. N Engl J Med, 2013. 369(12): p. 1095-105. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1301969 PMid:24047059 PMCid:PMC3840160
45. Heresbach, D., P. Pienkowski, and S. Chaussade, Prévention du Cancer Colo-rectal par Coloscopie, en dehors du dépistage en population :Consensus et position de la SFED. SFED, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10190-016-0534-5
46. Kaminski, M.F., et al., A score to estimate the likelihood of detecting advanced colorectal neoplasia at colonoscopy. Gut, 2014. 63(7): p. 1112-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304965 PMid:24385598 PMCid:PMC4078748