Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in calves under one year old in Ilam county (Iran), from March 2014 to February 2015
Keywords:
Cryptosporidium spp., prevalence, Calves, Ilam, IranAbstract
Introduction: Cryptosporidium is a coccidian parasite that can infect most mammals, including humans. This parasite is an important cause of neonatal diarrhea and morbidity in calves, causing substantial economic loss to animal husbandry. Because of the importance of this parasite in calves, this study was designed in order to determine prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. among calves under one year old in Ilam county (Iran).
Methods: Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was estimated using a cross-sectional study. Fecal samples from 400 calves under 1 year old were collected in Ilam County, from March 2014 to February 2015 and they were microscopically analyzed using modified Ziehl-Neelsen method (mZN).
Results: The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in calves was 16% (64/400). According to age categories, the highest infection was observed in calves under one month old, and the lowest infection occurred in calves 6 to 12 months old. Age was significantly associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection (p<0.05). The prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in diarrheic and none diarrheic calves was 27.3 and 12.4 % respectively, which indicated a significant association between positivity and diarrhea (p<0.05). The highest prevalence was observed in winter followed by autumn, spring and summer respectively. No statically difference was found between prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis and seasons of sampling. Also, calves’ gender was not associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection in this study.
Conclusion: Our results provide useful information about the distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. Also, the role of potential risk factors including age, sex, clinical status and seasons of sampling was indicated in studied calves from Ilam County.
References
Nguyen ST, Nguyen DT, Le DQ, Le Hua LN, Van Nguyen T, Honma H, et al. Prevalence and first genetic
identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in central Viet Nam. Vet Parasitol. 2007; 150(4): 357-61.
doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.09.010. PMID: 17964078.
Mercado R, Buck GA, Manque PA, Ozaki LS. Cryptosporidium hominis infection of the human respiratory
tract. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007; 13(3): 462-4. doi: 10.3201/eid1303.060394. PMID: 17552101, PMCID:
PMC2725888.
Díaz-Lee A, Mercado R, Onuoha EO, Ozaki LS, Muñoz P, Muñoz V, et al. Cryptosporidium parvum in
diarrheic calves detected by microscopy and identified by immunochromatographic and molecular
methods. Vet Parasitol. 2011; 176(2): 139-44. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.001. PMID: 21109352.
Sunnotel O, Snelling WJ, Xiao L, Moule K, Moore JE, Millar BC, et al. Rapid and sensitive detection of
single Cryptosporidium oocysts from archived glass slides. J Clin Microbiol. 2006; 44(9): 3285-91. doi:
1128/JCM.00541-06. PMID: 16954262, PMCID: PMC1594691.
Fayer R. Taxonomy and species delimitation in Cryptosporidium. Exp Parasitol. 2010; 124(1): 90-7. doi:
1016/j.exppara.2009.03.005. PMID: 19303009.
Chalmers RM, Davies AP. Minireview: clinical cryptosporidiosis. Exp Parasitol. 2010; 124(1): 138-46. doi:
1016/j.exppara.2009.02.003. PMID: 19545516.
Hassanain MA, Khalil FA, Abd El-Razik KA, Shaapan RM. Prevalence and molecular discrimination of
Cryptosporidium parvum in calves in Behira Provinces, Egypt. Res J Parasitol. 2011; 6(3): 101-8
Fayer R, Morgan U, Upton SJ. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and
identification. Int J Parasitol. 2000; 30(12): 1305-22. doi: 10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00135-1. PMID:
Jäger M, Gauly M, Bauer C, Failing K, Erhardt G, Zahner H. Endoparasites in calves of beef cattle herds:
management systems dependent and genetic influences. Vet Parasitol. 2005; 131(3): 173-91. doi:
1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.014. PMID: 15979802.
Mahami Oskouei M, Fallah E, Ahmadi M, Safaiyan A, Bakhtiyari S, Naserifar R, et al. Molecular and
Parasitological Study of Cryptosporidium Isolates From Cattle in Ilam, West of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2014;
(3): 435-40. PMID: 25678930, PMCID: PMC4316577.
Pirestani M, Sadraei J, Zavvar M, Vaeznia H. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from
human and bovine using 18s rRNA gene in Shahriar county of Tehran, Iran. Parasitol Res. 2008; 103(2):
-72. doi: 10.1007/s00436-008-1008-2. PMID: 18478266.
Mark-Carew MP, Wade SE, Chang YF, Schaaf S, Mohammed HO. Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis
assemblages among dairy herds in the New York City Watershed. Vet Parasitol. 2012; 185(2): 151-7. doi:
1016/j.vetpar.2011.09.030. PMID: 21993211.
Azami M. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle in Isfahan, Iran. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2007;
(1): 100-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00236.x. PMID: 17300527.
Asadpour M, Razmi G, Mohhammadi G, Naghibi A. Prevalence and molecular identification of
Cryptosporidium Spp. in pre-weaned dairy calves in Mashhad area, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. Iran J
Parasitol. 2013; 8(4): 601-7. PMID: 25516742, PMCID: PMC4266125.
Al-Robaiee I, Al-Farwachi M. Direct ELISA aided coprological diagnosis of Cryptosporidium parvum
infection in diarrheic neonatal calves in Mosul city, Iraq. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2014; 1(1): 8-10. doi:
5455/javar.v1i1p8-10.
Smith RP, Clifton-Hadley FA, Cheney T, Giles M. Prevalence and molecular typing of Cryptosporidium in
dairy cattle in England and Wales and examination of potential on-farm transmission routes. Vet Parasitol.
; 204(3): 111-9. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.022. PMID: 24909077.
Santı́n M, Trout JM, Xiao L, Zhou L, Greiner E, Fayer R. Prevalence and age-related variation of
Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in dairy calves. Vet Parasitol. 2004; 122(2): 103-17. doi:
1016/j.vetpar.2004.03.020. PMID: 15177715.
Kvac M, Kouba M, Vítovec J. Age-related and housing-dependence of Cryptosporidium infection of calves
from dairy and beef herds in South Bohemia, Czech Republic. Vet Parasitol. 2006; 137(3): 202-9. doi:
1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.027. PMID: 16488542.
Amer S, Honma H, Ikarashi M, Tada C, Fukuda Y, Suyama Y, et al. Cryptosporidium genotypes and
subtypes in dairy calves in Egypt. Vet Parasitol. 2010; 169(3): 382-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.017.
PMID: 20193982.
Venu R, Latha BR, Basith SA, Raj GD, Sreekumar C, Raman M. Molecular prevalence of Cryptosporidium
spp. in dairy calves in Southern states of India. Vet Parasitol. 2012; 188(1): 19-24. doi:
1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.025. PMID: 22459107.
Khan SM, Debnath C, Pramanik AK, Xiao L, Nozaki T, Ganguly S. Molecular characterization and
assessment of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium from dairy cattle in West Bengal, India. Vet
Parasitol. 2010; 171(1): 41-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.008. PMID: 20356678.
Fayer R, Santín M, Trout JM, Greiner E. Prevalence of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium found in
–2-year-old dairy cattle in the eastern United States. Vet Parasitol. 2006; 135(2): 105-12. doi:
1016/j.vetpar.2005.08.003. PMID: 16159697.
Rieux A, Paraud C, Pors I, Chartier C. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from pre- weaned calves in western France in relation to age. Vet Parasitol. 2013; 197(1): 7-12. doi:
1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.001. PMID: 23735428.
Brook E, Hart CA, French N, Christley R. Prevalence and risk factors for Cryptosporidium spp. infection in
young calves. Vet Parasitol. 2008; 152(1): 46-52. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.003. PMID: 18207328.
Keshavarz A, Haghighi A, Athari A, Kazemi B, Abadi A, Mojarad EN. Prevalence and molecular
characterization of bovine Cryptosporidium in Qazvin province, Iran. Vet Parasitol. 2009; 160(3): 316-8.
doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.11.008. PMID: 19091477.
Chen F, Huang K. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy cattle from
farms in China. J Vet Sci. 2012; 13(1): 15-22. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2012.13.1.15. PMID: 22437531, PMCID:
PMC3317452.
Mohammed HO, Wade SE, Schaaf S. Risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium parvum infection in
dairy cattle in southeastern New York State. Vet Parasitol. 1999; 83(1): 1-13. doi: 10.1016/S0304- 4017(99)00032-1. PMID: 10392763.
Becher KA, Robertson ID, Fraser DM, Palmer DG, Thompson RC. Molecular epidemiology of Giardia
and Cryptosporidium infections in dairy calves originating from three sources in Western Australia.
Vet Parasitol. 2004; 123(1-2): 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.05.020. PMID: 15265565.
Sazmand A, Rasooli A, Nouri M, Hamidinejat H, Hekmatimoghaddam S. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium
spp. in camels and involved people in Yazd Province, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2012; 7(1): 80-4. PMID:
, PMCID: PMC3488825.
Nagamani K, Pavuluri PR, Gyaneshwari M, Prasanthi K, Rao MI, Saxena NK. Molecular characterization
of Cryptosporidium: an emerging parasite. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2007; 25(2): 133-6. doi: 10.4103/0255- 0857.32719. PMID: 17582183.
Rahman AS, Sanyal SC, Al-Mahmud KA, Sobhan A. Cryptosporidium diarrhoea in calves & their handlers
in Bangladesh. Indian J Med Res. 1985; 82: 510-6. PMID: 3833701.
Khair A, Alam MM, Rahman AK, Shahiduzzaman M, Parvez MS, Chowdhury EH. Prevalence of
Cryptosporidiosis in Crossbred Calves in Two Selected Areas of Bangladesh. Bangl J Vet Med. 2014;
(2): 185-90. doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v12i2.21288.
Nouri M, Toroghi R. Asymptomatic cryptosporidiosis in cattle and humans in Iran. Vet Rec. 1991;
(15):358-9. PMID: 2063539.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 KNOWLEDGE KINGDOM PUBLISHING
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
