Automating Reference Integrity: An Empirical Evaluation of Detecting Hallucinated Citations in Scholarly Manuscripts with Citcheck
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26415/2572-004X-vol6iss1p624-632کلمات کلیدی:
Citation Integrity, Ghost Citations, Large Language Models, Bibliometrics, Automated Verification.چکیده
Introduction: The widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) in academic writing has introduced significant risks to scholarly publishing through the generation of hallucinated, non-existent references ("ghost citations"). Manual verification of citation integrity is labor-intensive and error-prone for editorial teams. This study evaluates an automated computer-implemented system, called: Citcheck, designed to analyze manuscript bibliographies and verify citation network integrity.
Methods: An empirical benchmark dataset (N=147) was evaluated across three distinct groups: Real Indexed Literature (n=47), Real Edge-Case Literature (n=50), and Synthetic Ghost Citations (n=50). Citcheck parsed unstructured bibliographic strings, queried the Crossref database, and calculated fuzzy similarity metrics for titles, authors, and publication years. Works falling below defined threshold criteria were flagged as "Conflict / Low Match." Performance was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, and Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC).
Results: The system correctly identified and blocked 47 out of 50 hallucinated citations, achieving a Specificity of 94.00% and an overall Precision of 95.59% (False Positive Rate = 6.00%, n=3). For real literature, the platform successfully verified 65 out of 97 entries, yielding a Sensitivity of 67.01% (False Negative Rate = 32.99%, n=32). Across the entire sample (N=147), the automated system demonstrated an overall Accuracy of 76.19% and an MCC of 0.58.
Discussion: The high specificity and precision confirm that automated API-driven fuzzy matching serves as a highly effective first line of defense against synthetic AI-generated citations in editorial workflows. False negatives primarily occurred among non-standard edge-case literature (e.g., niche monographs, institutional reports, and preprints lacking uniform metadata formatting). Because deterministic algorithms cannot reliably distinguish non-indexed genuine publications from well-structured hallucinations, the system is designed under a Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) governance model. Machine automation accelerates initial screening and flags anomalies, while human managing editors retain final adjudicative oversight for edge-case citations.
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حق نشر 2026 Medical Technologies Journal
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